JFK Test Flashcards
(376 cards)
1
Q
Who did Kennedy race against in his election?
A
Richard Nixon
2
Q
When did Kennedy get elected?
A
1960
3
Q
What was so special about the 1960 debate?
A
It was the first televised presidential debate.
4
Q
Explain the Presidential quality of leadership.
A
- having public speaking skills in debates and campaigns
- confident demeanor
5
Q
Compare Kennedy’s and Nixon’s demeanor during the 1960 debate.
A
Kennedy had the confident demeanor, was nervous, but stayed calm. Nixon did not know what to do with his hands, he was sweating and was very nervous and it showed.
6
Q
Explain the Presidential quality of political experience.
A
- Problem Solving
- What have you done and passed
7
Q
What were some of Kennedy and Nixon’s past political experiences?
A
- Kennedy making call when MLK is in jail, Nixon met with Castro led to Operation Zapata
- Both entered HR in 1946, Kennedy elected to Senate in 1952, has served on multiple committees.
- Nixon from California, elected to Senate in 1950, VP for Eisenhower from 1952-1960
8
Q
Who gets the political experience advantage and why?
A
Nixon because he was VP, been in Oval Office, been part of problem solving with Eisenhower.
9
Q
What was Nixon’s biggest foreign policy feat?
A
He debated Nikita Khrushchev in the kitchen debate.
10
Q
When Nixon was running for President, what did a reporter ask Eisenhower and how did he reply to it?
A
Eisenhower was asked by a reporter can you give us advice that he received from Nixon and ran with it and how it panned out, how to evaluate Nixon’s ability, Eisenhower said if you give me a week I can think of one.
11
Q
What are the effects of Eisenhower’s interview answer about Nixon?
A
It could hurt Nixon’s cause.
12
Q
How did Nixon reply to Eisenhower’s interview answer about him?
A
Nixon says Eisenhower was kidding, Eisenhower never explained himself, Nixon felt it was President’s ultimate decision, even if he gets the edge, not much of one.
13
Q
Who had the education advantage in the election?
A
JFK
14
Q
Where did JFK originally apply for college? Did it work out?
A
He applied to Princeton, but because of an injury, he did not go there.
15
Q
Where did JFK go to undergraduate college?
A
Harvard
16
Q
What activities was Nixon involved with?
A
- football team
- baseball team
- track team
- debate team
17
Q
How did JFK graduate from Harvard?
A
with graduated honors international relations degree
18
Q
Where did JFK go to school secondly?
A
Stanford
19
Q
After Stanford, where did JFK go?
A
London School of Economics
20
Q
What was JFK’s senior thesis at Harvard and what was it about?
A
Called Why England Slept; talks about appeasement
21
Q
What was Kennedy’s second book?
A
Profiles in Courage
22
Q
What did he win for Profiles in Courage?
A
he won Pulitzer prize, highest literary prize in country
23
Q
What was JFK’s IQ?
A
174
24
Q
What is Charisma?
A
looks speak out with how people judge you, are you likable
25
What is EQ?
emotional quotion
26
What does EQ measure for a person?
It is a far better predictor for success than IQ, measures your ability to empathize, your ability to measure with someone else, are you liked
27
What is a political platform?
political party, views on politics
28
What is the education measure?
A measure of intelligence and success, determination.
29
Where did Nixon go to undergraduate college?
Whittier College in CA
30
After Whittier, where did Nixon go?
Duke Law School
31
What rank did Nixon graduate at his schools?
2nd at Whittier
| 3rd at Duke
32
What was Nixon's IQ?
155
33
What was the big opportunity that Nixon had that he turned down?
He got a full academic scholarship to Harvard, but turned it down.
34
Why did Nixon turn down Harvard and go to Whittier?
His father owned a business near where he lived in California, and Whittier was much closer than Harvard. His family needed the help.
35
What was Kennedy's political platform?
Moderate Liberal
36
What is a moderate liberal platform?
supports social programs, government is the solution to problems, issues such as civil rights, economy, Cold War, wants more change than conservatives
37
How did JFK's political platform affect his campaigning?
e in 1960, relative peace and prosperity, he wants it to reach out to everyone, he says Americans are good, but we could make the country even better for all Americans.
38
What was Nixon's political platform?
moderate conservative
39
What is the platform of a moderate conservative?
government is not the answer, needs a smaller government, smaller taxes, more laissez faire, let businesses run themselves, let people take ownership and responsibility
40
How did Nixon's political platform affect his campaigning?
he is a candidate of keeping the status quo, continue to do the things we have done to make American better, very little changing should take place
41
What is political honesty?
look at political background, have they cheated how they trust everyone
42
How does American society usually look at honesty and scandals?
we often give trust until we catch someone doing something wrong
43
What were some of JFK's issues?
No major known scandals, but addicted to painkillers, back problem, washes them down with alcohol, had numerous extra-marital affairs,
44
Why does JFK have the edge when it comes to trust?
Nobody knew about his issues
45
What was Nixon's scandal?
Checker's speech
46
What was the checker's speech?
he had taken illegal campaign contributions, bribery for money, taking personal checks and bribes
47
What did Eisenhower do after he found out about Nixon's briberies?
Eisenhower drops him from ticket.
48
How does Nixon respond to Eisenhower dropping him from the ticket?
Nixon says give me a chance, goes on TV and says he is modest, opens up bank records and has never been rich, only personal gift is his dog
49
How does society respond to Nixon's reaction of Eisenhower's dropping of him?
everyone likes Nixon for this
50
After America liked Nixon for his reaction to Eisenhower's comments, what did Eisenhower do?
Eisenhower kept him on ticket
51
Explain the Presidential quality of military experience and why it's important.
so you are able and unafraid to go to war, if they have shown courage, then they have been there and can get ability this way.
52
Explain JFK's military experience.
served in WWII Navy, lieutenant commander, failed physical to go to Army, had his dad pull strings to get in
53
What was Kennedy's biggest role in WWII?
controlling the PT 109
54
What did Kennedy do with the PT 109?
boat in Pacific, broke in half by Japanese destroyer, he gets his crew to an empty island in Pacific, swam to island, swims out to shipping lanes to reduce his crew
55
What did Kennedy receive after his WWII actions?
He was a war hero, earns Purple Heart and Marine Corps Medal.
56
What was Nixon's role in WWII?
WWII Navy, lieutenant commander, serves in logistics and supply not combat
57
Why did Nixon not serve in combat in WWII?
He was a quaker, and quakers were opposed to direct war.
58
Who had the edge in military experience?
Kennedy received more popularity because of his amazing sotry, but many people debated that Nixon had advantage because he supplied war goods and that played a big part also.
59
What is the Presidential quality of family?
personal life, background
60
What is the Presidential quality of religion?
It is a factor if it alters political views and how they relate to others' views
61
What is the Presidential quality of Vice President?
who is helping them as their running mate
62
How did the two candidates make a balancing ticket with who they chose as their VP's?
both candidates get balancing ticket with social class mixing, and also geographic balancing. Johnson was middle class from Texas, Lodge Jr. was a wealthy man from Massachusetts.
63
Describe JFK's family upbringing.
wealthy and powerful family, politically connected, millionaires, Irish, Boston family, Father was US ambassador to UK during WWII, maternal grandfather was mayor of Boston and representative 3 times.
64
Who was JFK's wife and kids?
Jackie-wife
John Jr.-son
Caroline-daughter
65
How was Jackie Kennedy used well by JFK as a "trophy wife"?
people liked her as first lady, JFK had enemies, but Jackie had charm, style and taste, her EQ would be very high, she could relate well with others, and valued helping the poor very much.
66
Describe Kennedy's religion.
Catholic-only Catholic President so far
67
What did people think Kennedy's religious beliefs would lead to?
Some thought he would take order from Pope
68
How did Kennedy respond to what people though of his religion and how it could affect his political views?
He said this would not be an issue. He overwhelmingly wins Catholic voters’ votes.
69
Who was Kennedy's VP?
Lyndon B. Johnson
70
Describe Nixon's family upbringing.
Came from working class, dad owned a small food shop in Yorba Linda, CA
71
What did Nixon do at Whittier college that led him to take action?
He tried to join a frat with rich kids, tried to join, but was denied
72
How did Nixon respond to being rejected by the fraternity?
he set up a rival fraternity for working class kids
73
Who did America like for the social class advantage?
Nixon because Americans like working class that anyone can grow up with American Dream
74
Who was Nixon's wife and kids?
Pat-wife
| Tricia and Julie-daughters
75
Why was having a young family important for Nixon running for President?
It was big to America because of baby boom and people could relate to this.
76
Describe the respect Nixon and Kennedy had for each other and how this respect tied into Nixon's religion.
he never made a campaign issue about Kennedy’s religion, they were good friends, they respected each other, he never asked for a recount.
77
Who was Nixon's VP?
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.
78
What was the percentage count for the popular vote?
Kennedy-49.7%
| Nixon-49.6%
79
What was the electoral count for 1960's election?
Kennedy-303
| Nixon-219
80
What was so special about the popular vote?
It was only about 100,000 votes in between Kennedy and Nixon; one of the closest popular votes ever.
81
What was the Kennedy Administration compared to?
Camelot
82
What was so special about Kennedy's inaugural speech?
- Inaugural speech was very quotable speech
- His message was to get freedom for the world
- Proposes a vision what America and the world should be
83
What is the play Camelot about?
The legend of King Arthur
84
Why was Kennedy's USA compared to Arthur's Camelot?
- it is somewhat of an ideal kingdom, very prosperous and strong kingdom
- If the kingdom is Camelot, Our Camelot is the USA
- Most times are good in Camelot, very similar to Kennedy’s vision for America.
85
Who is JFK in Camelot?
King Arthur
86
Why is JFK compared to King Arthur?
Background is similar, education levels are impressive, war hero, courageous, smart, noble, nice family and wife, he is a good public speaker, uses quotable phrases.
87
What are the Knights Called in Camelot?
Knights of the Round Table
88
Who is JFK's cabinet in Camelot?
Knights of the Round Table
89
Why is Kennedy's cabinet compared to the knights in Camelot?
Multiple knights under King Arthur: Galahad, Lancelot, etc, very loyal to him, table is round because everyone is equal.
90
What is the name of JFK's appointed cabinet members?
The best and the brightest
91
What is typical of a President when picking their cabinet? Did JFK use this system?
Usually Presidents use spoils system and pick those who are loyal to you in your campaign as your cabinet. JFk did not use this however.
92
How did Kennedy form his cabinet?
He forms his cabinet by finding the brightest minds in America, best educated people, not worried about party loyalty, experience. They problem-solve together, all are very creative in a room together
93
Who did Kennedy appoint as Secretary of State?
Dean Rusk
94
Describe Dean Rusk's background.
Went to Cal-Berkeley, achieved as a Rhodes scholar (most prestigious scholarship, you can study for a year at Oxford in England), part of political think tank called Rockefeller Foundation
95
Who did Kennedy appoint Secretary of Defense?
Robert McNamara
96
Describe McNamara's background.
went to Cal-Berkeley Law School-CEO of Ford Motor Company, served for statistics department in WWII, a Republican
97
How was McNamara recruited by Kennedy?
Kennedy first asked him, McNamara turned him down, did not even vote for Kennedy, Kennedy really wanted McNamara to help, and talked him into being Secretary of Defense
98
Why was a having a good Secretary of Defense so important at the time?
they need to create a well-supplied, well-trained military in case the Cold War got out of hand
99
Who did Kennedy appoint as Secretary of the Treasury?
C. Douglas Dillon
100
Describe Dillon's background.
went to Harvard, literature and history, made millions as an investment banker on Wall Street in NYC
101
Who did Kennedy appoint as Attorney General?
Robert Kennedy (brother)
102
Who was Bobby Kennedy compared to in Camelot?
Lancelot because he was the most loyal, prosperous, young man at the Round Table (the cabinet).
103
Describe Bobby Kennedy's background.
JFK's brother, went to Harvard, Virginia Law School
104
Who was appointed as National Security Advisor?
McGeorge Bundy
105
Describe Bundy's background.
he went to Yale, dean of students at Harvard, was a Republican
106
Who was appointed as Domestic Affairs Advisor?
Arthur Schlesinger
107
Describe Schlesinger's background.
Harvard graduate, was in OSS, predecessor to CIA in WWII, most liberal member of the cabinet.
108
Who was Kennedy's speechwriter?
Ted Sorenson
109
Describe Ted Sorenson's background.
graduated from Nebraska in Law School, graduated 1st in his class, wrote the very quotable lines in Kennedy's speeches
110
Who was Sorenson compared to in Camelot?
would be Merlin, like a wizard, very different because of his education and style
111
What was Sorenson's nickname and why did it come about?
The magic man; Kennedy set the vision for what America should be, Sorenson communicated this.
112
What was hub structure?
Kennedy’s way of meeting with cabinet and making decisions.
113
What does hub mean?
Hub is covering the central part of the main source.
114
How was Kennedy's hub structure set up?
His structure was the best and brightest would go out, come back, give him information, ask for opinions, and then leave. Kennedy would make the final decision.
115
How was the hub style a positive method to solve problems?
There should be good information, good different perspectives, very efficient, no debating about information, it is easy for only one person to make final decision, especially with timing with foreign policy issues.
116
Why did it seem logical for JFK to make the final decision anyway?
Everyone expects the President to make decisions, they are under most pressure and will take praise or criticism no matter what.
117
Who was the member Kennedy trusted the most?
Bobby Kennedy
118
What were the three largest domestic problems at the time Kennedy was President?
- poverty
- civil rights
- space race with Soviets
119
How was poverty a big domestic issue during the Kennedy administration?
- 18.1% of people were below poverty line
| - 39% were poor or working poor
120
How was the space race a big domestic issue during the Kennedy administration?
- Soviets had launched Sputnik (1957)
- Yuri Gagarin was first man in space (1961)
- ahead of us in space race so Kennedy decides to send people to the moon
121
What two books were written during the Kennedy administration about poverty in America?
- Michael Harrington-wrote The Other America
| - Kenneth Galbraith-wrote The Affluent Society
122
What was the poverty line at the time?
$2500 a year
123
Why was America shocked at these books with respect to the poverty going on?
People were shocked with how well American culture was moving and how they are progressing and good times, and people were surprised with how many people were poor. Many Americans felt this wasn't even true and asking where they are.
124
Why are the poor invisible to the typical American?
Poor are invisible because most people just walk by and ignore them, nobody likes to look at poor people suffering, which is unattractive. It became invisible to society.
125
How did the Interstate Highway program affect Amercian views of poverty?
Because of the highway not going through the poor areas of a city, people never see the poverty on an interstate.
126
What was Kennedy's solution to these big domestic issues?
The New Frontier
127
What was Kennedy's vision for starting the New Frontier?
- he believes government is the answer to solving problems (American liberalism)
- Kennedy’s plan for getting the government to fix all of our issues.
- Extended benefits of New Deal (FDR) and the Fair Deal (HST)
128
What is popular mandate? How did it relate to Kennedy?
popular vote; he lacked this in the 1960 election
129
How did the lack of popular vote for Kennedy make it hard to build up the New Frontier?
- Made this difficult to get his new frontier programs through Congress
- Many American people were against those choices because almost half of America voted for Nixon
- The numbers were not completely in his favor
130
What is mandate?
Support of the American people
131
Do some of the New Frontier programs get passed through?
Kennedy is able to get some passed, but Johnson gets more of these through, as Johnson will be able to pull through after Kennedy dies.
132
Why is Kennedy nervous about continuing Brinksmanship?
Kennedy is nervous about Brinksmanship because “the world is a different place”-we have tremendous power and do we end poverty or end life
133
What is Kennedy's conundrum with his foreign policy and how to keep up in the Cold War?
He is unsure if he could be too strong because he does not want a nuclear war, but if he is too soft, the Soviets could take advantage of us.
134
If Brinksmanship isn't the answer, what does Kennedy create?
Kennedy tries a different way of Containment, called Flexible Response, idea is options of what strategies to take if there is an attack or a major war-like event going on.
135
What are the foreign war procedures from weakest to strongest?
1. Appeasement
2. Propaganda
3. Political sanction
4. Humanitarian aid
5. Negotiations and Treaties
6. Alliances
7. Advisors
8. Economic aid
9. Economic sanctions
10. Military aid
11. Saber-rattling
12. CIA Coverting Work
13. War by Proxy
14. Guerrilla warfare
15. Conventional warfare
16. Nuclear warfare
136
What is appeasement and what are its benefits and risks?
you can let it go, doesn’t matter, similar to Hungary in 1956, the risk is that if it progresses, they push on the issue and they keep going well and keep beating you while you do nothing.
137
What is nuclear war? What are its benefits and risks?
strongest action you can take, we have ability to do that, we had over 1100 weapons in our arsenal. Risk is we essentially could end the world with that power
138
What is conventional warfare? What are its benefits and risks?
like WWII, tanks, planes, soldiers, bombs, risk is it could escalate, very costly both monetary and with lives and property, economic transitions as well.
139
What are negotiations? What are their benefits and risks?
ike treaties, have conventions, international summit, etc. Risk is it could escalate, could take some time, may not be completely fair and could take a long time to compromise. Mildly weak approach.
140
What is third party war? What are its benefits and risks?
mildly aggressive approach, have someone else do it for us such as UK, France, etc. Risk is is it strong enough, do you lose?
141
What is economic aid? What are its benefits and risks?
close to middle-such as Marshall Plan-how you can use economic aid to influence politics of war, risk is finances.
142
What is saber-rattling? What are its benefits and risks?
military threat, risk is all out bombing war, you threaten and they retaliate. If they launch pre-emptive strike, you better be willing to follow through with the threat.
143
What is CIA operational warfare? What are its benefits and risks?
stronger than saber-rattling, weaker than war by proxy-Operations such as Ajax and Zapata, overthrowing a government or killing a leader, risk is being caught, retaliation, and if the plan could work.
144
What are economic sanctions? What are their benefits and risks?
embargoes, increasing tariffs, how willing will they be to pay price, risk is how will your economy fare
145
What is Guerrilla warfare? What are its benefits and risks?
committing forces, lower cost however, risk is it could escalate. Almost as strong as conventional warfare.
146
What is war propaganda? What are its benefits and risks?
weak, but could work, like political sanctions, showing bad press against certain countries and telling them they should stop. Only risk is if other country comes back at you with threats and other propaganda against you.
147
What is fighting through allies? What are its benefits and risks?
NATO, METO, SEATO, if one declares war, then the allies will fight with them.
148
What is humanitarian aid? What are its benefits and risks?
Kennedy will start Peace Corps, we give them food, medicine, send people in to help built schools, hospitals, etc. One of Kennedy’s best creations. Risk is finances
149
What is military aid?
Give them war supplies and weapons, risk is finances
150
What was the concern for the United States with the trajectory of the Cuban missiles?
The flight range covered most of the eastern part of the US. However, for the long-range missiles, their target could reach nearly all of mainland US.
151
How did the US know about the Missiles?
National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy told Kennedy about the crisis on October 16, 1962. His words were proved because two days later an American military aircraft took many aerial view pictures of what was happening in Cuba. These pictures showed there were Soviets with a missile base in Cuba.
152
When did the missile crisis begin?
October 16, 1962
153
What were the 2 principle options presented to President Kennedy concerning the crisis?
- an air strike and/or an invasion
| - a naval quarantine with a threat of further military action
154
What did the U-2 flight on Day 2 of the CMC indicate?
Another U-2 flight showed many more pictures of locations of more Cuban missile sites and about 16-32 real missiles in total.
155
What does Soviet Foreign Minister Gromyko say about Soviet aid to Cuba?
It is purely a defensive aid and should not pose a threat to the United States.
156
What action does Secretary of State Dean Rusk favor for the CMC?
He favored the idea of a limited or “surgical” air strike with our prior political action or a warning. Many were opposed to this idea.
157
Explain one of the three other concerns Kennedy wanted to ask the Pentagon about the CMC.
He asked about the possibilities of a commander-type raid by using parachutes and helicopters. He wanted them to develop a plan for this, as he could use it as another resource method to fight this issue.
158
What option does Kennedy decide to employ for the CMC?
He decides to deploy missile units and naval units abroad.
159
What was ExComm?
Kennedy put himself together with his cabinet members, the CIA head, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He appointed all of these men together as a group called EXComm.
160
What did ExComm stand for?
Executive Committee of the National Security Council.
161
When did JFK speak to the nation? What was his speech about?
On October 22, Kennedy wanted to inform America about the Cuban missile crisis and how the Soviets are behind the issue. Kennedy then mentions his plan. He announces the establishment of a naval quarantine around Cuba until the Soviet Union agrees to dismantle the missile sites.
162
What Soviet actions threatened the naval quarantine supported by the OAS?
Soviets moved submarines into the Caribbean. Also, an oil tanker, Bucharest moved closer to Cuba.
163
As these threats are approaching the Carribean, what does Kennedy order for Khrushchev to do?
Kennedy orders Khrushchev to halt all Soviet ships going towards Cuba.
164
How does Khrushchev respond to Kennedy’s challenge and order?
Khrushchev blames Kennedy saying to him that he isn’t really declaring a quarantine, but he is rather threatening if the Soviets do not follow Kennedy’s order.
165
How does Kennedy respond to Khrushchev’s claim that the United States is to blame for the crisis?
Kennedy follows up with a letter to Khrushchev and says that Khrushchev does not understand what is happening and how America sees this issue. He is very unhappy with Khrushchev blaming America for this. Kennedy throughout the whole letter gives proof of how the events in Cuba went down, and it shows that the Soviets played a larger role, not the US. He wanted to show Khrushchev that is was really the Soviets’ fault for the whole crisis that America is worried about.
166
What role does Adlai Stevenson play in the crisis?
Adlai Stevenson, a very calm and courteous man, aggressively debated against the Soviet UN Ambassador, Valerian Zorin. He debated against him very harshly and tried to prove the Soviets were the problem with Cuba
167
What offer does Khrushchev make to resolve the crisis?
Khrushchev wrote Kennedy a letter trying to compromise. He says that if the United States lifts the quarantine and promises not to invade Cuba, then the missiles will be removed.
168
What was the private letter between Castro and Khrushchev about on day 10?
Castro asks Khrushchev to strike a nuclear weapon at the US if we were to invade into Cuba
169
On day 6, October 21, what does Kennedy do about the crisis?
He holds a National Security Council Meeting. He wanted the others at the meeting to discuss a plan in case the Soviets could generate a planned response at the US if we tried to attack the situation in Cuba.
170
How does Kennedy respond to Khrushchev's compromise?
Kennedy likes the idea and will agree to it, but he strongly states to Khrushchev that the missiles must be removed first, and if they are completely removed, the US will end the quarantine and not think of invading
171
What more does Khrushchev suddenly demand from the United States in his compromise?
He asks for the removal of the obsolete Jupiter missiles, which are placed in Turkey because of how close those are to Russia.
172
What was the result of the private meeting between Bobby Kennedy and Anatoly Dobrynin on day 12?
The results of the meeting are successful and this confirms that the Soviets will remove the missiles in Cuba, which will be done under UN supervision. To follow-up, the US pledges they will not invade Cuba, and the US will also remove the Jupiter missiles in Turkey.
173
What was the date of the JFK assassination?
November 22, 1963
174
Where was JFK shot?
Dallas, TX
175
Why did JFK go to Dallas?
He wanted to campaign in Texas to try to win re-election in 1964, as he was to make a speech there and have a parade to gain popularity.
176
Where did the Kennedy's plane arrive and when?
At abou 11:30 AM at Love Field in Dallas.
177
Who went to Dallas with JFK?
Jackie, VP Johnson, and Lady Bird Johnson
178
How did the Kennedys exit the plane?
John had Jackie come off first because of her popularity. As everyone was cheering for her, he could acquire some of the praise as well by coming off right after her.
179
What was the proposed parade route for JFK?
Through downtown Dallas to a luncheon where he would make a speech.
180
How did the Kennedys meet Governor Connally?
JFK shook his hand and Connally tipped his hat to Jackie
181
Who was governor of Texas during the JFK assassination?
John Connally
182
What was the forecasted weather, but what really did the weather turn out to be?
It was supposed to rain, but it turned to be clear and sunny that day as the storm passed on
183
How did Kennedy respond to the nice weather that day?
He wanted to put the bulletproof roof down on the Presidential convertable. He also did this to be shown on the parade so others could see his face.
184
How many people showed up to the parade?
Many people wanted to see Kennedy
185
What did Kennedy do on the route?
He waved to people, thanked them for support, and sometimes stopped to shake hands with some people.
186
After all the support Kennedy got at the parade, what did Connally say to him?
"You can't say Dallas doesn't love you."
187
How was the car caravan set up at the parade?
Front car-Secret Service Driver, Connally, John and Jackie in back seat
Second Car-secret service
Third car-Johnsons
Fourth car-Secret Service
188
Who shot Kennedy?
Lee Harvey Oswald
189
Where did Oswald work?
Texas School Book Depository on the 6th floor, right corner
190
What plaza was kennedy shot at?
Dealey plaza
191
What streets in Dealey plaza were traveled on?
He went right onto Houston
| Left on Elm Street towards the Town Hall
192
What kind of rifle was used to kill Kennedy?
An Italian Carcano bolt-action rifle
193
How many shots in how much time were shot at JFK?
3 shots in 5.6 seconds
194
What street were all three bullets shot at?
Elm
195
What happens to oswald's first shot?
It misses JFK hits the street, he reacts but does not see anything. It nips a civilian James Tague in the cheek. Kennedy looks to the right and up and Connolly looks to his right and turns.
196
Why did the first shot miss?
Some think that he missed it to get a reaction to make people distracted or some thought Oswald was nervous at first.
197
What was the magic bullet?
The second shot from Oswald
198
Who filmed the three shots?
Abraham Zapruder
199
What happens to Oswald's second bullet?
It creates seven wounds between JFK and Connolly; it enters JFK's back, goes through his throat, it then enters Connolly under his right armpit, through his chest, comes back out, hits his wrist. Kennedy holds his throat, while Connolly breaks his 5th rib and wrist.
200
How do people react to the second bullet?
Surprisingly, not much, even the Secret service did not react much
201
What happened to Oswald's third shot?
It was the kill shot; hit Kennedy in the head as his head explodes.
202
How did everyone react to the third shot?
Jackie tried to put his head back together and was calling for the secret service, as they did not react until she called for them.
203
What happens next after the third shot?
Secret service throws him into vehicle that takes him to Parkland hospital. He dies about 30 minutes later at Parkland hospital.
204
Where and why did Oswald shoot Kennedy where he shot him?
He shot him from behind the head because nobody could see him so well and not draw much attention.
205
After Oswald shot kennedy, what does he do next?
He quickly hides the rifle from his office and sprints downstairs to the eating lounge on the second floor.
206
What happens to Oswald in the lunch room?
He is asked if he saw someone shoot JFK, has "no idea who did it"
207
After he is asked the question in the lunch room, what does Oswald do?
He leaves to go to his house, changes clothes, and grabs a gun which he puts in his pocket.
208
What was the description of the shooter according to Dallas police?
white man, mid 30s, 5'10'', slender bill
209
As he leaves his house, what happens to Sowald?
Tibbett, a Dallas policeman pulls up at him and asks him if he is suspicious, he refuses, police asks him again, and he shoots him with his gun and runs away
210
Where does Oswald go after shooting Tibbett?
movie theater
211
Why did Oswald go to the movie theater?
It is dark, public, people are focused on movie, not people, and not many people are there because everyone is worried about the killing of JFK
212
What happened to Oswald when he went to the theater?
He rushed into the theater and did not pay for his ticket.
213
What happened to Oswald when he skipped paying at the theater?
A woman caught him stealing and called the police and gave them the details which were the same details of the JFK shooter, so the police did show up.
214
Where was Oswald arrested?
At the movie theater
215
How many cops showed up at the theater?
30
216
What was the other evidence found of Oswald at the Book Depository?
They found finger prints on boxes where the gun was hidden near and his palm print on the rifle.
217
Where was he taken off to after being arrested?
To Dallas Jail
218
Where was he transferred from Dallas Jail to?
Dallas Prison
219
What happened during his transferral of prisons?
He was in an underground parking garage, people were around him and then he was shot and killed.
220
Who killed Oswald?
Jack Ruby
221
Who was Jack Ruby?
A Dallas night club owner who wanted to avenge the death of JFK
222
What gun did Ruby use to kill Oswald?
38 caliber range gun
223
Where did Ruby's shot hit Oswald?
Right in the gut; went straight through in and out
224
As a result of Oswald's killing, what was the ruling on what would he go through?
There was no trial because he was dead.
225
Where was JFK's corpse taken?
Love Field
226
What was the issue of taking JFK's body away?
It was not supposed to be taken back to Maryland for an autopsy, it was illegal for the secret service to take it away from Parkland Hospital without real permission.
227
What happened on the plane before it took off from Love Field?
- Johnson took oath of office next to Lady Bird and Jackie
| - Body was rushed out as an escape to get it to the autopsy
228
Where was JFK buried after the autopsy?
Arlington Cemetery
229
What was Oswlad's background
- High school dropout
- Average military skills
- Discharged from marines because of family hardships
230
What was Oswald's motivation for killing JFK?
He called himself Communist
231
How did Oswald receive more motivation for killing Kennedy by being a Communist?
In 1959, he went to the USSR and defects them, but he was treated with suspicion as Soviets cannot trust him, he comes back to the US in 1962.
232
What committee did Oswald form?
Fair play for Cuba Committee
233
What was the Fair play for Cuba Committee?
A pro-Castro organization
234
After the FPFCC spot, what happened to Oswald next?
He got a job in Dallas, he saw this as a golden opportunity to kill JFK
235
When arrested, what does Oswald claim himself as?
innocent
236
What were two conspiracy theories concerning Oswald?
- Did the CIA know about him going to the USSR
| - Was the secret service's slow reaction to the gunshots fixed
237
What does FLSA stand for?
Fair Labor Standards Act
238
When was the Fair Labor Standards Act passed?
1961
239
What is the Fair Labor Standards Act?
Increased minimum wage from $1 to $1.25
240
Why did The New Frontier create the Fair Labor Standards Act?
- To decrease the number of those above the poverty line
| - The 25% increase made more people go above the poverty line
241
What was the risks with creating the Fair Labor Standards Act?
Prices go up, poverty line goes up, or there is a higher risk of being laid off a job
242
What is the OHA stand for?
Omnibus Housing Act
243
When was the Omnibus Housing Act passed?
1961
244
What did the Omnibus Housing Act do?
- Spent $3.19 B on mass transit systems, and urban renewal projects and housing
- This established the Federal Housing Authority
245
Why was the Omnibus Housing Act passed?
- Cities needed to be renewed because of their poverty
| - The white plight phenomenon was an issue because he wanted to vitalize inner cities.
246
What was the white plight phenomenon?
- When white people left inner cities and took all their money with them to the suburbs
- There were less taxes in the suburbs, mall is moved
- Poor and minorities are left in inner cities
247
What was the risk with the Omnibus Housing Act?
More taxes have to be paid in order to draw money back to the cities.
248
When was the Manpower Development and Training Act passed?
1962
249
What was the Manpower Development and Training Act?
Created a three year program for vocational education
250
What was the Trade Expansion Act?
Reduced tariffs with European countries by 50%
251
What was the Trade Expansion Act's nickname?
Kennedy Round
252
When was the Trade Expansion Act passed?
1962
253
Why was the Trade Expansion Act passed?
- Lower manufacturing was going on
- Rate of inflation could go down
- cost of imports go down
- if we lower them for Europe, they can lower their tariffs for us
- Europe can afford our stuf and we make more money from it
254
What was the Area Redevelopment Act?
Federal government spent $394 million as an economic stimulus package and $4.5 million on more vocational programs
255
When was the Equal Pay Act passed?
1963
256
What was the Equal Pay Act?
Civil rights bill which guaranteed equal pay for equal work
257
Why was the Equal Pay Act passed?
To get rid of discrimination more, to help the minorities find their way
258
When was the National Defense Education Act passed?
1963
259
What was the National Defense Education Act?
Spent $731 for additional vocational education training. This had been started in 1958 under Eisenhower.
260
Which of the three Acts passed by Kennedy are very similar?
- Manpower Development and Training Act
- Area Redevelopment Act
- National Defense Education Act
261
How were the MDTA, ARA, and NDEA similar?
All are giving toward vocational educations for jobs to give young people skills for these jobs. They were all also used to bring change to the American economy in becoming a service economy. It was also for people to mandate higher salaries in the future.
262
How did Kennedy want to change the base of the American economy?
He wanted it to change from a manufacturing economy to a service economy.
263
What was the DUA?
Department of Urban Affairs
264
What was the Department of Urban Affairs?
Dealt with urban housing, the cabinet met about urban issues
265
What is the Department of Urban Affairs called now?
Housing and urban Development
266
Why was the Department of Urban Affairs created?
To help with rebuilding urban areas, while keeping the money used and the procedures regulated and making sure the rebuilding process is in full control.
267
What was the NASA Funding Increase?
This became the Apollo program, goal was to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade.
268
Why was the NASA Funding Increase created?
So we could beat the Soviets in the space race. It did work, as we went to the moon in 1969
269
What was the Social Security Extension also called?
Medicare
270
What was the Social Security Extension?
Lowered the age at which a person could collect Social Security to age 62 from the previous age of 65, which extended healthcare coverage for the elderly as well.
271
Why was the SSE created?
- To give more jobs to younger people
- Older people could retire earlier with less to worry about with saving
- to replace the top pay scale with younger people who do not work for as much yet
- younger people have more work energy and bring new trends that have to be made sooner or later
- baby boom people were coming of working age, so jobs had a high demand
272
What was the effect from the New Frontier in terms of unemployment rate?
It improved from 7% in 1960 to 5.7% in 1963
273
What was the effect from the New Frontier in terms of inflation rate?
It moderately increased from 1.07% to 1.24%. This showed the economy did not grow much.
274
What happened to the National Debt after the New Frontier?
We would run our first non-war/non-depression debt. It totalled $1B by 1963
275
When was the Civil Rights Act passed?
1964
276
What act followed the CRA?
Voting Rights Act
277
After WWII, where was Laos and what was its goal?
part of French Indochina, big push for self-determination to free colonies
278
When did Laos become Independent? Why was it not official for a few years?
Laos become technically independent in 1950, but not really until 1954 until French lose at Dien Bien Phu at the Geneva conference, when all the nations became totally free.
279
How is the cultural identity in Laos?
Many Buddhists, great trade empires in SE Asia. Good sense of identity there.
280
What is the social problem in Laos at the time?
There is a big split between rich and poor, most of population is a poor peasant farmer, small part of population is rich land owners connected to the French.
281
What emerges out of this rich/poor social conflict in Laos?
a 3 part Civil War
282
Who are the three princes of Laos?
Prince Souvanna Phouma
Prince Souphanouvong
Prince Boun Oum
283
Who is Prince Souvanna Phouma? What part of the war is he on?
Socialist/Nationalist, not connected to China, looking at having an independent state in Laos
284
Who is Prince Souphanouvong? What part of the war is he on?
A Communist, head of Pathet Lao
285
What is the Pathet Lao?
The patriotic front of Laos; communists linked to China, they get support from Mao in China, similar to Vietminh
286
Who was Prince Boun Oum? What part of the war he is he on?
Royalist (Pro-west)-aligned himself with French and thus the US
287
What is Kennedy's plan with dealing with Laos?
We negotiate-Kennedy would negotiate a coalition government, we use the British as mediators. We setup a government in which all three parties are well-represented.
288
What did Kennedy do to make sure the Laos coalition government is going smoothly?
Kennedy also sends in about 200 advisors
289
Did Kennedy's plan in Laos work? Explain.
No, Pathet Lao won this Civil War, as the government plan worked for only 2 years.
290
After the Pathet Lao wins the Laos Civil War, what does the US do?
Nothing because we are already fighting a conventional war in Vietnam and have too much to worry about.
291
What was the crisis of Iraq? When did this begin?
In 1958, a coup in Iraq overthrew the Hashemite Dynasty in Iraq
292
Who was leader of the overthrowing Iraqi coup?
Abdel Karim Kassem
293
Why was the US so concerned about this in Iraq?
French support the Hashemites, and wanted to keep it together, and Kaseem then aligns plans with the Soviets. We have to worry about the oil, our ally Israel, and containment.
294
What is Kennedy's plan for the crisis in Iraq?
We encourage a counter-coup led by Colonel Abdul Salam Arif.
295
What does Arif do in Iraq?
Arif we will support against Kassem’s government. He forms Baath party in Iraq, which was supported by US.
296
What happens to Arif 2 years later?
Arif dies in helicopter crash
297
What are the effects of Arif's death?
- replaced by brother Abdul Rahman Arif
- Baath party turns to a terror campaign.
- Kills off many people such as Socialists, Communists, and Intellectuals because they are so smart to correct
298
Who replaces Abdul Rahman Arif and who comes in after him?
Replaced by Ahmed Hassan al-Bakur, led the Baath until 1979, when he is replaced by Sadam Hussein
299
How has the Iraq we tried to make better become our problem?
The terrorism was not chosen by us, because of the helicopter crash. We did not put direct Baath party in power, but they were created all because we wanted the oil.
300
What is our first crisis with Cuba?
Castro overthrows Batista, problem because he is a Communist based on Nixon, and we had good relations with Cuba, and now they are so close to us as Communists.
301
What was kennedy's plan to fix the first issue in Cuba?
Operation Zapata
302
What was Operation Zapata?
Send in the Labrigada, Cuban exiles, we give them humanitarian aid, they land in the Bay of Pigs.
303
What is the problem with the Operation?
Kennedy cancelled Air and Naval support they were promised after, and invasion fails.
304
What happens to the Labrigada after they try to invade?
The Labrigada are mostly captured, over 1100 are captured, hundreds are killed.
305
How does America react to our loss in Cuba at the Bay of Pigs?
Lots of criticism of Kennedy not being willing to win in Cuba. Even from military, they think Kennedy is too soft and not willing to make the hard decisions.
306
After we lose to Cuba the first time, what happens to Cuba?
Cuba remains Communist with Castro in charge, become untouchable. Forms alliance with Soviets.
307
Describe how Berlin got to where it it since the start of the Cold War.
Cold War, Berlin Airlift because of cutoff trade, Berlin is divided in four occupation zones, then Soviets blockade road and rail between east and west Berlin. It works, Soviets back down, for next 10 years, Berlin was off limits, line had been drawn.
308
When JFK is elected, what do the Soviets think of us?
They can take advantage of Kennedy because he is soft
309
Who is the head of Russia during the Kennedy administration?
Nikita Khrushchev
310
Who told the Soviets that Kennedy was soft?
Cuba
311
What do Khrushchev and Kennedy do, as Khrushchev is trying to control Berlin?
The two meet in Vienna in 1961. Kennedy wants to end the Cold War, Kruschchev thinks it is his chance to get Berlin.
312
What goes on in Vienna 1961 during the meeting?
Khrushchev turns the tables on Kennedy on about how he should get Berlin.
313
On his way leaving the meeting in Vienna, what does Kennedy say?
When he leaves, he comments to a reporter about it’s a cold, long winter, we must be willing to fight, no way you can appease here and give them Berlin
314
What happens at the first initial fight at the Berlin line?
When they go to the line with tanks, their tanks are outnumbered by Soviets on the other side of the line. Both sides stopped for now, but there is lots of fear this could get active soon.
315
What is Kennedy's plan to get Berlin?
Saber-rattling
316
Why does Kennedy want to saber-rattle the Soviets?
Soviets are saber-rattling them
317
How does Kennedy carry out his saber-rattling plan?
Kennedy will increase draft quota, deploy more forces into Germany, go from 8000 to a million, increases military budget by $3B.
318
What else does Kennedy do to fight in Berlin?
Goes to Berlin and makes a propaganda speech, “Ich bin ein Berliner” speech.
319
Why does Kennedy give the Ich bin in Berliner speech?
Talks about political sanction action he can take, so Germans can see the risk he is taking.
320
What was the importance of Kennedy's speech?
Huge crowd at his speech, large cheers, many understood what Kennedy’s presence in their city was, Soviets are there waiting to take the city
321
What was the outcome of the Berlin conflict?
Construction of the Berlin Wall
322
Why was the Berlin wall created?
A number of people, referenced in his German speech, were using East Berlin to get into West Berlin as in East Germany it was and you could have access to the west. They created the wall so nobody would get out.
323
Describe the Berlin Wall.
Looked different based on where you were or on what side you were on. Had barbed wire, guard towers, with fencing and concrete layers in between.
324
After the Berlin Wall was built, did many escape?
No, many people were killed trying to escape, a few success stories, but those were right place, right time stories.
325
How did Kennedy redeem himself from the loss at Bay of Pigs?
Kennedy responds in a strong way and politically successful at the next stage in Berlin. He found that balance between too hard and too soft.
326
What are the three big problems in Latin America?
- poverty
- Juntas
- Communism
327
How is poverty a mass issue in Latin America?
poverty rates are very high, this causes level of desperation, high illiteracy rates, low standard of living
328
What is the main reason for why Latin American poverty cannot be solved?
unstable governments
329
What are Juntas?
military dictatorships that tend to control political scene in Latin America
330
What is the problems with Juntas and what are they leading to?
You get lots of rebellions and revolutions because of many overthrowing of people in charge, this keeps from solving problems because no investment is taking place in Latin America, the next group will either destroy it or take it when they come around, desperate people do desperate things, so some turn to Communism.
331
What Latin American nation is first to be Communist?
Cuba
332
What is Cuba doing with their Communism?
They are trying to push it throughout the whole region.
333
What is Kennedy's answer to the Latin American issues?
New Alliance for Progress
334
What is the point of the New Alliance for Progress?
an economic aid package to avoid the welfare trap Latin American countries were in
335
What did the New Alliance for Progress ask of the Latin American nations?
We asked governments of Latin America to put in matching funds, for every dollar from US they willingly gave, those countries had to give back four dollars.
336
How much did we offer to those countries to stop the poverty? Did it work for them? Why or why not?
We offered a 20B dollar gift to them, but those countries don’t take it because they needed to pay back 80B dollars.
337
What was kennedy's backup plan for Latin America?
Peace Corps (humanitarian aid)
338
What is the Peace Corps?
it asks for volunteers about college graduates for a two year enlistment in Peace Corps, you work with the people and help them build things and recover with irrigation, farming, and industry, very actively involved in Latin America.
339
What are the issues with using the Peace Corps?
They are volunteers and a small percentage go and help out, and this only fixes the small poverty issues, not for the millions of homeless people in Latin America, very limited in impact and results.
340
What is the main outcome in Latin America?
Most of that money is never accessed because they do not have the money to match it, 90% of the money that is accessed goes to American companies
341
Why did most of the Latin American money go to American businesses?
20% of it is paid for because government is investing it
342
What is the other big outcome in Latin America?
Also, political want for change in governments is taking place
343
How is there a political want for change taking place in Latin America? What are still the issues with it?
13 nations would write Constitutions and to try and install Democratic governments, but doesn’t stop the coups and rebellions from happening.
344
Who is the leader of North and South Vietnam at the time?
Ho Chi Minh-north
| Ngo Dinh Diem-south
345
Why is Vietnam divided at the 17th parallel?
French are kicked out at Dien Bien Phu
346
What is the NLF? Who set it up? Why was it set up?
National Liberation Front, made the Vietminh and Vietcong.
347
What is the difference between the Vietminh and Vietcong?
Vietminh are card carrying Communists from north, Vietcong are southern nationalists, could be Communist or not.
348
What is Minh trying to do with the divided Vietnam?
Unify it as one big Communist country
349
What does Minh's vision lead to?
each side fighting each other
350
What kinds of warfare do each side fight in Vietnam?
North Vietnamese Army is conventional warfare, South Vietnamese Army fights guerrilla warfare against Vietminh
351
What side do the US want to fight with?
South Vietnam
352
What is the problem with US fighting on the south side?
Vietcong are nationalists, want foreigners out and US out, and see Diem as American puppet or control dictator. Diem is really an undercover dictator.
353
What were MRBM's? How did they relate to the Cuban Missile Crisis?
Medium Range ballistic Missiles, could reach anywhere in southwest corner of US, even up to Washington, DC
354
What were IRBM's? How did they relate to the Cuban Missile crisis?
Intermediate range ballistic missile, could reach anywhere in lower 48 except NW corner
355
How many Soviet missiles were found in Cuba at the time by the U2 plane?
Soviets have deployed 32 MRBM and 8 IRBMs
356
Who manned the U2 plane and why was it so important?
They send a 1 star general to get film, this shows this film is very important, we had CIA Cuban spies, this was tracked and knew missiles were built, we just needed to prove it
357
What would be the issue of shooting down the Cuban missiles?
They fly so high that they would be hard to shoot down with a plane.
358
What were some of the Conspiracy Theories about the JFK assassination?
- Moorman photo (second gunman on side)
- Umbrella Man
- Kennedy's Neck Wound
- The Magic Bullet
- Cubans (Anti-Castro)
- Soviets (KGB)
- Cubans (Pro-Castro)
- CIA
- American Mafia
- Lyndon Johnson
- Jackie
- The Klan (Racists)
- Military Industrial Complex
359
Explain the conspiracy theory of the Umbrella Man.
As the limo was passing by, Kennedy passed a man with an umbrella, and there was talk that he could have used it as a gun.
360
Explain he conspiracy theory of the Magic Bullet.
Many people thought that because after Connolly was shot in his wrist and broke it, there was no way he could pick up his hat, maybe another person shot him there.
361
Explain the conspiracy theory of the CIA.
CIA was blamed because Kennedy did not send people to help the Labrigada and it was his fault, but he blamed the CIA for it. CIA could lie to Oswald and tell him to wait or shoot, or get multiple shooters.
362
Explain the issue with the CIA conspiracy theory.
this is the President, would they really kill the President, would they cross that line
363
Explain the conspiracy theory of the American Mafia.
Kennedy’s have a rich history, some think Mafia got him elected with people in Louisiana voting for dead people’s SSNs Bobby begins crack down on organized crime, they lay low people are possibly angry with their low pay.
364
What was the issue with the American Mafia conspiracy theory?
why don’t you kill Bobby, it is too obvious, you get President hunting down people, Johnson and Bobby do not get along
365
Explain the conspiracy theory of Lyndon B. Johnson
to become next President, highly politically motivated, played no big role in decision making, so he may want to play this forward. He could miss opportunity, from Texas, Kennedy is shot in Texas, could he have contact with CIA, local police, could have influenced investigation.
366
What is the issue with the Johnson conspiracy theory?
if he gets caught, this is treason and execution, Republicans are trying to undermine Johnson possibly
367
Explain the conspiracy theory of Jackie Kennedy.
Kennedy cheated on her, has had multiple affairs, with Marilyn Monroe, who sings happy birthday to him, flaunting the affair in your face, She marries next Onassis, had a friendship with him before JFK was shot, lots of money through all the families to set something up.
368
What is the issue with the Jackie Kennedy conspiracy theory?
Oswald could have been trained and set up to do this to have the evidence, why would Jackie hire a hitman who misses a shot, and she was still very distraught and very sad, a better option would be a divorce than a kill.
369
Explain the conspiracy theory of the KKK.
Kennedy has proposed a Civil Rights Bill in DeJure equality, which could be enough motive to kill for the KKK, who has lots of weapons.
370
What is the issue with the KKK conspiracy theory?
Oswald does not really fit, so they would have to lie about it, could be a racist, but probably not, also, If you kill JFK, Johnson is President, he is more liberal and a better politician, and very short sided, the acts would get passed through him.
371
Explain the conspiracy theory of Military Industrial Complex.
Clay Shaw supported the hawks; At heart of it is money made from war in Vietnam by the Military Industrial Complex, Vietnam will be a $1M/day war, Kennedy will pull the plug, looking under confidently at it and could lose money before we went into it. These companies would lose billions because of producing war goods we did not need. Lyndon Johnson, begins to escalate our involvement in Vietnam and gives a million dollar reward, gain a President, gain a war,
372
Who was Clay Shaw?
mafia figure from New Orleans
373
What were the hawks?
people who think Kennedy is too soft on Communism, he lost Cuba, almost lost Vietnam, he needed to be stopped
374
Who put forth this conspiracy theory about Clay Shaw?
Jim Garrison
375
Who was Jim Garrison?
District Attorney from New Orleans. He will bring trial against Clay Shaw he is the man putting pieces together of shooting Kennedy with more bullets and multiple bullets.
376
What were some death causes of some of the witnesses that led to this being a conspiracy theory?
Suicides, murders, drug overdoses, bus/plane accidents, gunshot, etc.
