Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the two main types of contingencies?

Answer 1

1. Classical conditioning

2. Instrumental conditioning

Question 2

Who introduced classical conditioning? U.S.-UR

Answer 2

Pavlov

Question 3

What are the three partite contingency?

Answer 3

1. Antecedent
2. Behaviour
3. Consequence

Question 4

The immediate outcome of a behavior?

Answer 4

Consequence

Question 5

Stimulus controlling the behavior

Answer 5

Antecedent

Question 6

What is the response being reinforced

Answer 6

Behavior

Question 7

What are the 5 operant conditioning?

Answer 7

1. Positive Rft
2. Negative Rft
3. Reinforcement
4. Escape learning
5. Avoidance learning

Question 8

Presence of a stimulus

Answer 8

Positive Rft

Question 9

Absence of a stimulus

Answer 9

Negative Rft

Question 10

Increases behavior

Answer 10

Reinforcement

Question 11

Removal of stimulus

Answer 11

Escape learning

Question 12

Preventing a stimulus

Answer 12

Avoidance learning

Question 13

Which experimenter found that the subjects has no control over events, but responds to them

Answer 13

Pavlov

Question 14

Which experimenter found that the subject has to respond to change the circumstances

Answer 14

Thorndike/skinner

Question 15

Changes in ________________ and _______________, shifts in attitudes, changed emotional responses

Answer 15

Reflexes and behavior

Question 16

Knowing the cause of behavior allows you to:

Answer 16

1. To change your own behavior
2. To change another’s behavior
3. To recognize when someone is trying to change your behavior

Question 17

What causes behavior to change?

Answer 17

Environmental factors

Question 18

What is the discriminative stimulus (Sd)?

Answer 18

Antecedent

Question 19

The operant- the precise aspect of the response that determined reinforcement

Answer 19

Behavior

Question 20

What is the reinforcing stimulus (sr)

Answer 20

Consequence

Question 21

Giving a dog a treat when the dog sits

Answer 21

Positive RFT

Question 22

Spanking a child for cursing

Answer 22

Positive punishment

Question 23

Studying to avoid getting bad grades

Answer 23

Active avoidance

Question 24

Turning off an alarm clock by pressing the snooze button

Answer 24

Escape learning

Question 25

Telling a child to go to his room for cursing

Answer 25

Negative punishment

Question 26

Complex behavior can arise from simple process through a process of

Answer 26

1. Iteration/ repetition 2. Feedback 3. Slight variation in each iteration

Question 27

Why is instrumental learning a big thing

Answer 27

1. The discovery that complex behavior arose from simple process 2. People are not good at verbalising the reasons for their behavior so learning is measured indirectly 3. The study of environmental causes of behavior and emotions allowed for the development of techniques to modulate them

Question 28

What was the first truly effective therapies

Answer 28

Behavior therapies

Question 29

What changed through the manipulation of environmental variables

Answer 29

Utopian ideals of sociocultural

Question 30

What two areas of tea search showed that behaviour was not merely caused by environmental factors? Also behavioral therapies had limited effectiveness for many psychopathologies - led to the intro cognitive behavioral therapies

Answer 30

1. Animals could predict future events | 2. Phylogenetic differences in learning and behaviour

Question 31

What Led to the intro of cognitive begaviour therapies

Answer 31

behavioral therapies had limited effectiveness for many psychopathologie

Question 32

What indicates that the monkey's instrumental behaviour is guided by the expected outcome?

Answer 32

Reward devaluation

Question 33

Two-factor theory is also known as

Answer 33

Belief desire models of behaviour

Question 34

What is teleology

Answer 34

Explaining a current thing by referring to a future use or purpose