Flashcards in Lecture 1 Deck (34):
1
What are the two main types of contingencies?
1. Classical conditioning
2. Instrumental conditioning
2
Who introduced classical conditioning? U.S.-UR
Pavlov
3
What are the three partite contingency?
1. Antecedent
2. Behaviour
3. Consequence
4
The immediate outcome of a behavior?
Consequence
5
Stimulus controlling the behavior
Antecedent
6
What is the response being reinforced
Behavior
7
What are the 5 operant conditioning?
1. Positive Rft
2. Negative Rft
3. Reinforcement
4. Escape learning
5. Avoidance learning
8
Presence of a stimulus
Positive Rft
9
Absence of a stimulus
Negative Rft
10
Increases behavior
Reinforcement
11
Removal of stimulus
Escape learning
12
Preventing a stimulus
Avoidance learning
13
Which experimenter found that the subjects has no control over events, but responds to them
Pavlov
14
Which experimenter found that the subject has to respond to change the circumstances
Thorndike/skinner
15
Changes in ________________ and _______________, shifts in attitudes, changed emotional responses
Reflexes and behavior
16
Knowing the cause of behavior allows you to:
1. To change your own behavior
2. To change another's behavior
3. To recognize when someone is trying to change your behavior
17
What causes behavior to change?
Environmental factors
18
What is the discriminative stimulus (Sd)?
Antecedent
19
The operant- the precise aspect of the response that determined reinforcement
Behavior
20
What is the reinforcing stimulus (sr)
Consequence
21
Giving a dog a treat when the dog sits
Positive RFT
22
Spanking a child for cursing
Positive punishment
23
Studying to avoid getting bad grades
Active avoidance
24
Turning off an alarm clock by pressing the snooze button
Escape learning
25
Telling a child to go to his room for cursing
Negative punishment
26
Complex behavior can arise from simple process through a process of
1. Iteration/ repetition
2. Feedback
3. Slight variation in each iteration
27
Why is instrumental learning a big thing
1. The discovery that complex behavior arose from simple process
2. People are not good at verbalising the reasons for their behavior so learning is measured indirectly
3. The study of environmental causes of behavior and emotions allowed for the development of techniques to modulate them
28
What was the first truly effective therapies
Behavior therapies
29
What changed through the manipulation of environmental variables
Utopian ideals of sociocultural
30
What two areas of tea search showed that behaviour was not merely caused by environmental factors?
Also behavioral therapies had limited effectiveness for many psychopathologies - led to the intro cognitive behavioral therapies
1. Animals could predict future events
2. Phylogenetic differences in learning and behaviour
31
What Led to the intro of cognitive begaviour therapies
behavioral therapies had limited effectiveness for many psychopathologie
32
What indicates that the monkey's instrumental behaviour is guided by the expected outcome?
Reward devaluation
33
Two-factor theory is also known as
Belief desire models of behaviour
34