Flashcards in Lecture 6: Avoidance Learning Deck (23):
1
Direct response to aversive outcome is not necessary for the development of avoidance. Emotional state is the critical outcome.
Observational learning
2
Behavior is motivated and maintained by _____________
Fear
3
Rituals are used to ward off unpleasant events. Individuals experiences negative thoughts, which causesanxiety
Superstitious outcome
4
What are some examples of superstitious outcome?
1. Empty pill jars
2. Lucky item of clothing
3. Routines or sayings
5
what are the treatments for avoidance
1. Flooding
2. Systematic desensitization
6
What are the 4 problems with exposure therapy?
1. Change in context
2. Pavlovian conditioning inhibition of fear
3. Safety signals protect warning signals from extinction
4. Relapse
7
What are the two types of response in negative reinforcement
1. Escape
2. Avoidance
8
This is involved when something is not happening
Avoidance
9
When avoidance behaviour (R) leads to reduction of fear (RFT)
Instrumental conditioning
10
What does two-process theory assumes
1. Avoidance behaviour is maintained by classical and instrumental conditioning
2. Classical (fear) conditioning must come first
3. Treats avoidance as escape from a tangible event and disregards the (absent) shock itself.
Basically it assumes that avoidance is motivated and maintained by fear
11
What can develop without warning signal
Avoidance
12
What species-specific defense reactions are easier to condition
Natural fear responses
13
What safety signals from aversive outcomes
What are the 3 safety signals in avoidance?
1. Offset of the warning signal
2. Stimulus associated with escape ( e.g. Doorway)
3. The avoidance response itself
14
What does safety signals in avoidance do
1. Improve acquisition of avoidance
2. Maintain avoidance in the absence of overt fear
3. Protect warning signals from extinction
15
What are the two cognitive theory of avoidance of Seligman & Johnston (1973)
1. A preference for no outcome over outcome
2. An expectancy that response leads to no outcome and no response leads to outcome
16
What are the evidence that aversive outcome is not necessary for the development of avoidance
1. Observational learning in monkeys
2. Development of phobias
3, perceived threat is sufficient
17
What is the critical outcome in observational learning
Emotional state (fear and anxiety)
18
What do you call the rituals or objects that people ward off
Superstitious avoidance
19
What is the hardest thing to extinguish
Vigilant performance of ritual
20
Why is vigilant performance of ritual hard to extinguish
1. Less opportunity to observe the real consequence of the eliciting stimulus (I.e. Stimulus - no aversive outcome)
2. Ritual protects stimulus from extinction
21
What protects a stimulus from extinction
Rituals
22
What is a form of behaviour therapy that is based on the principles of respondent conditioning. is used to treat phobias and anxiety disorders
Flooding
23