Lecture 7: Neg Rft Red. Intrinsic Mot. & Creativity

Question 1

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 1

behaviour that is driven by external rewards

Question 2

Behaviour is motivated by?

Answer 2

extrinsic motivation/external rewards such as tangible (e.g. money) and psychological (e.g. fame and praise)

Question 3

***When does extrinsic reinforcement reduce intrinsic interest (i.e. time spent on a task)?

Answer 3

1. initial interest in the task is high
2. the rewards is tangible
3. the rewards is salient (something in the environment can catch and retain one’s attention e.g. reading vs buzzing of bees)
4. the rewards is expected
5. the rewards fails to signal efficacy (capacity for producing a desired result or effect)
6. the rewards signals that the task is trivial

Question 4

what does reinforcement produce

Answer 4

stereotype?

Question 5

For a rft ro be successful, it should be?

Answer 5

1. immediate
2. contingent
3. real

Question 6

This is used to create a superstitious behaviour and is used in classical conditioningq

Answer 6

Shaping`

Question 7

what is used to increase creativity

Answer 7

Reinforcement

Question 8

what things are rewarded

Answer 8

Free operant

Question 9

whats serves as a reward

Answer 9

creativity

Question 10

What is task-dependent reward?

Answer 10

1. performance-independent

2. task completion-dependent

Question 11

What is performance-dependent/quality-dependent reinforcemnt reward?

Answer 11

1. offering a reward can reduce aversiveness

Question 12

Formula of expectancy-value theories

Answer 12

Expected Utility of an Action = value of goal X probability of obtaining goal

Question 13

How does one calculate the Expected Utility

of Success?

Answer 13

EU = Ps X Us

EU = Ps X (1-Ps)

Us: (1 - Ps)

Question 14

If the probability of success (Ps) is high, then the __________.
What’s the formula?

Answer 14

the utility of success (Us) is low

formula: Us = 1 - Ps

Question 15

what is an important factor in human motivation

Answer 15

1. estimation of succeeding or

2. what amount of control do i have over myself and my environment

Question 16

to change a behaviour an individual needs to:

Answer 16

1. learn that the goal is valuable
2. learn that behaviour leads to the goal
3. learn that they are capable of successfully obtaining that goal with this behaviour.

Question 17

what are the 2 sense of personal control?

Answer 17

1. processed prose

2. person praise

Question 18

what is processed prose?

Answer 18

praise for behaviour

Question 19

what is person praise?

Answer 19

praise for personal qualitues

Question 20

*What are the differences between extrinsic and intrinsic reinforcement?

Answer 20

e.g. Motivation to be a lawyer
intrinsic reinforcement - reward of knowing that you are doing a good job for clients and society
extrinsic reinforcement - being paid a lot of money

Intrinsic reinforcement is not dependent on anyone else -self satisfaction. satisfying an expectation i.e.internal reward (being proud of yourself)

1. extrinsic rewards - satisfying an expectation
2. intrinsic rewards - feeling of competence
   Extrinsic - system of incentives to get people to work. feeling of competence i.e external reward (food)

Question 21

***Why does extrinsic reinforcement reduce intrinsic motivation?

Answer 21

1. Over-justification theory (Lepper & Green, 1975)- people rationalise why they engage in activities
   - If someone is engaging in a task w/out external reward, they may justify “I’m doing this because I enjoy it”
   - if reward given, the subject may claim they are doing task for reward only, and give up when reward not given
2. self-determination/cognitive evaluation theory (Deci &Ryan, 1985)
3. Aversiness of being controlled (Ryan, 1982) - people don’t like that behaviour is being controlled
4. Premackian punishment (engaging in preferred task will lead to a less preferred task)

Question 22

why might quality-dependent reinforcers increase intrinsic motivation?

Answer 22

1. increase perceived competence/achievement
2. increase perceived self-determination
3. reduce the aversiveness of effort
4. reinforcement for minimal effort may convey task triviality
5. reward procedures requiring high performance convey a task’s importance its personal or social significance

–> people may come to like task more

Question 23

***What is stereotype? How does stereotype arise?

Answer 23

Reinforcement produces stereotypy

• reinforcing the quality of a behaviour
• rewarding pigeons if they made creative choices in a response

side note:
Repetition of speech or movement (stereotype process). Giving meaning to random ‘reinforcement’ (or reward)

Question 24

*What is the difference between task-contingent and quality-dependant rewards?

Answer 24

What is task-dependent reward (Eisenberg & Cameron, 1996)?

• Performance independent
• task completion dependent

Reinforcer reinforces a quality, not a specific behaviour
(Reinforcing trying, not just turning up)

Question 25

*How does one calculate the Expected Utility of Success?

Answer 25

Value of goal to the probability of obtaining goal

Question 26

*What role does Ps have in behavioural choice?

Answer 26

The probability of success drives intrinsic motivation

Question 27

what energy drives a behaviour?

Answer 27

awareness

Question 28

how can reaching a goal be rewarded

Answer 28

1. extrinsic rewards - satisfying an expectation 2. intrinsic rewards - feeling of competence 3 affective - happiness

Question 29

what is an important factor in human motivation

Answer 29

the estimation of succeeding