Lecture 7: Neg Rft Red. Intrinsic Mot. & Creativity Flashcards
(29 cards)
What is extrinsic motivation?
behaviour that is driven by external rewards
Behaviour is motivated by?
extrinsic motivation/external rewards such as tangible (e.g. money) and psychological (e.g. fame and praise)
***When does extrinsic reinforcement reduce intrinsic interest (i.e. time spent on a task)?
- initial interest in the task is high
- the rewards is tangible
- the rewards is salient (something in the environment can catch and retain one’s attention e.g. reading vs buzzing of bees)
- the rewards is expected
- the rewards fails to signal efficacy (capacity for producing a desired result or effect)
- the rewards signals that the task is trivial
what does reinforcement produce
stereotype?
For a rft ro be successful, it should be?
- immediate
- contingent
- real
This is used to create a superstitious behaviour and is used in classical conditioningq
Shaping`
what is used to increase creativity
Reinforcement
what things are rewarded
Free operant
whats serves as a reward
creativity
What is task-dependent reward?
- performance-independent
2. task completion-dependent
What is performance-dependent/quality-dependent reinforcemnt reward?
- offering a reward can reduce aversiveness
Formula of expectancy-value theories
Expected Utility of an Action = value of goal X probability of obtaining goal
How does one calculate the Expected Utility
of Success?
EU = Ps X Us
EU = Ps X (1-Ps)
Us: (1 - Ps)
If the probability of success (Ps) is high, then the __________.
What’s the formula?
the utility of success (Us) is low
formula: Us = 1 - Ps
what is an important factor in human motivation
- estimation of succeeding or
2. what amount of control do i have over myself and my environment
to change a behaviour an individual needs to:
- learn that the goal is valuable
- learn that behaviour leads to the goal
- learn that they are capable of successfully obtaining that goal with this behaviour.
what are the 2 sense of personal control?
- processed prose
2. person praise
what is processed prose?
praise for behaviour
what is person praise?
praise for personal qualitues
*What are the differences between extrinsic and intrinsic reinforcement?
e.g. Motivation to be a lawyer
intrinsic reinforcement - reward of knowing that you are doing a good job for clients and society
extrinsic reinforcement - being paid a lot of money
Intrinsic reinforcement is not dependent on anyone else -self satisfaction. satisfying an expectation i.e.internal reward (being proud of yourself)
- extrinsic rewards - satisfying an expectation
- intrinsic rewards - feeling of competence
Extrinsic - system of incentives to get people to work. feeling of competence i.e external reward (food)
***Why does extrinsic reinforcement reduce intrinsic motivation?
- Over-justification theory (Lepper & Green, 1975)- people rationalise why they engage in activities
- If someone is engaging in a task w/out external reward, they may justify “I’m doing this because I enjoy it”
- if reward given, the subject may claim they are doing task for reward only, and give up when reward not given - self-determination/cognitive evaluation theory (Deci &Ryan, 1985)
- Aversiness of being controlled (Ryan, 1982) - people don’t like that behaviour is being controlled
- Premackian punishment (engaging in preferred task will lead to a less preferred task)
why might quality-dependent reinforcers increase intrinsic motivation?
- increase perceived competence/achievement
- increase perceived self-determination
- reduce the aversiveness of effort
- reinforcement for minimal effort may convey task triviality
- reward procedures requiring high performance convey a task’s importance its personal or social significance
–> people may come to like task more
***What is stereotype? How does stereotype arise?
Reinforcement produces stereotypy
- reinforcing the quality of a behaviour
- rewarding pigeons if they made creative choices in a response
side note:
Repetition of speech or movement (stereotype process). Giving meaning to random ‘reinforcement’ (or reward)
*What is the difference between task-contingent and quality-dependant rewards?
What is task-dependent reward (Eisenberg & Cameron, 1996)?
- Performance independent
- task completion dependent
Reinforcer reinforces a quality, not a specific behaviour
(Reinforcing trying, not just turning up)