_Overview of descending pathways_ Tectospinal and medial vestibulospinal Control ... and ... movements. Lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal Activate ... muscles in arms and legs. Rubrospinal Activates ... muscles in arms.

Tectospinal and medial vestibulospinal Control head and neck movements. Lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal Activate extensor muscles in arms and legs. Rubrospinal Activates flexor muscles in arms.

_Overview of descending pathways_ T... and ... vestibulospinal Control head and neck movements. Lateral ... and ... Activate extensor muscles in arms and legs. R... Activates flexor muscles in arms.

Tectospinal and medial vestibulospinal Control head and neck movements. Lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal Activate extensor muscles in arms and legs. Rubrospinal Activates flexor muscles in arms.

Motor Learning and Neurological Syndromes Flashcards by Chrissy Taaffe

Simple motor pathway

Upper motorneurone starts in motor cortex of the brain through … ..
Lower motorneurone starts in the … … cell within spinal cord, moves to NM junction and then …

Upper motorneurone starts in motor cortex of the brain through spinal cord
Lower motorneurone starts in the anterior horn cell within spinal cord, moves to NM junction and then muscle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Upper and Lower motor neuron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Motor control of tennis serve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The motor control of hierarchy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Descending motor pathways

… - lateral spinal cord
… - ventro-medial spinal cord
… tract - carries the volitional control (decision/choice made)
There are three descending ventromedial pathways as listed.
These use sensory information about balance, body position and the visual environment to reflexively maintain balance and posture

Voluntary - lateral spinal cord
Involuntary - ventro-medial spinal cord
Corticospinal tract - carries the volitional control (decision/choice made)
There are three descending ventromedial pathways as listed.
These use sensory information about balance, body position and the visual environment to reflexively maintain balance and posture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Descending motor pathways

Voluntary - lateral spinal cord
Involuntary - ventro-medial spinal cord
Corticospinal tract - carries the … control (decision/choice made)
There are three descending … pathways as listed.
These use sensory information about balance, body position and the visual environment to reflexively maintain … and ….

Voluntary - lateral spinal cord
Involuntary - ventro-medial spinal cord
Corticospinal tract - carries the volitional control (decision/choice made)
There are three descending ventromedial pathways as listed.
These use sensory information about balance, body position and the visual environment to reflexively maintain balance and posture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pyramidal or corticospinal tract

Pyramidal tract derives its name from … in medullary pyramids
Only cortical tract to directly synapse with … neurons
Predominantly derived from cells in layer V (not exclusively Betz cells)
Brodmans Area 4 (and 6)
…% fibres crossed in lateral CST, …% anterior but individual variation may account for different deficits in strokes

Pyramidal tract derives its name from decussation in medullary pyramids
Only cortical tract to directly synapse with motor neurons
Predominantly derived from cells in layer V (not exclusively Betz cells)
Brodmans Area 4 (and 6)
90% fibres crossed in lateral CST, 10% anterior but individual variation may account for different deficits in strokes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pyramidal or corticospinal tract

Pyramidal tract derives its name from decussation in … pyramids
Only cortical tract to directly synapse with motor neurons
Predominantly derived from cells in layer V (not exclusively Betz cells)
Brodmans Area 4 (and 6)
90% fibres crossed in … CST, 10% … but individual variation may account for different deficits in strokes

Pyramidal tract derives its name from decussation in medullary pyramids
Only cortical tract to directly synapse with motor neurons
Predominantly derived from cells in layer V (not exclusively Betz cells)
Brodmans Area 4 (and 6)
90% fibres crossed in lateral CST, 10% anterior but individual variation may account for different deficits in strokes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Corticospinal tracts

Decussate in medulla - most cross to lateral corticospinal tract before synapse with anterior horn cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rubrospinal tract

Unclear to what extend this pathway is involved in humans.
Predominantly innervates the … muscles in the upper limbs.
Clinical relevance - low level of … in humans
- … - rubrospinal tract takes over - activated - arm posture change
Pass in lateral aspect of the spinal cord adjacent to the corticospinal tracts - not voluntary in humans
Rubrospinal - … nucleus in midbrain - follows tracts - passes through to upper limbs - flexor muscles

Unclear to what extend this pathway is involved in humans.
Predominantly innervates the flexor muscles in the upper limbs.
Clinical relevance - low level of arousal in humans
- Stroke - rubrospinal tract takes over - activated - arm posture change
Pass in lateral aspect of the spinal cord adjacent to the corticospinal tracts - not voluntary in humans
Rubrospinal - red nucleus in midbrain - follows tracts - passes through to upper limbs - flexor muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Rubrospinal tract

Unclear to what extent this pathway is involved in humans.
Predominantly innervates the flexor muscles in the … limbs.
Clinical relevance - low level of arousal in humans
Stroke - rubrospinal tract takes over - activated - … posture change
Pass in lateral aspect of the spinal cord adjacent to the corticospinal tracts - not voluntary in humans
Rubrospinal - red nucleus in … - follows tracts - passes through to … limbs - flexor muscles

Unclear to what extend this pathway is involved in humans.
Predominantly innervates the flexor muscles in the upper limbs.
Clinical relevance - low level of arousal in humans
Stroke - rubrospinal tract takes over - activated - arm posture change
Pass in lateral aspect of the spinal cord adjacent to the corticospinal tracts - not voluntary in humans
Rubrospinal - red nucleus in midbrain - follows tracts - passes through to upper limbs - flexor muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vestibulospinal Tract

Vestibular organ - 2 aspects
- … - hearing
- … canals - perpendicular to each other - balance
Medial and lateral tracts
Originate in the vestibular nuclei of the medulla which relay sensory information from the vestibular labyrinth in the inner ear.
Medial vestibulospinal pathways projects down to the spinal cord and activates the cervical spinal circuits that control neck and back muscle guides and thus guide … movements.
Therefore it helps to keeps the … stable as the … is moved.
Lateral vestibulospinal projects ipsilaterally as far down as the lumbar spinal cord. Helps us maintain an upright and balanced … by facilitating the extensor motor neurons of the legs.

Vestibular organ - 2 aspects
- Cochlear - hearing
- Semicircular canals - perpendicular to each other - balance
Medial and lateral tracts
Originate in the vestibular nuclei of the medulla which relay sensory information from the vestibular labyrinth in the inner ear.
Medial vestibulospinal pathways projects down to the spinal cord and activates the cervical spinal circuits that control neck and back muscle guides and thus guide head movements.
Therefore it helps to keeps the eyes stable as the body is moved.
Lateral vestibulospinal projects ipsilaterally as far down as the lumbar spinal cord. Helps us maintain an upright and balanced posture by facilitating the extensor motor neurons of the legs.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Vestibulospinal Tract

Vestibular organ - 2 aspects
- Cochlear - hearing
- Semicircular canals - perpendicular to each other - balance
Medial and lateral tracts
Originate in the vestibular nuclei of the medulla which relay sensory information from the vestibular labyrinth in the inner ear.
… vestibulospinal pathways projects down to the spinal cord and activates the cervical spinal circuits that control neck and back muscle guides and thus guide head movements.
Therefore it helps to keeps the eyes stable as the body is moved.
… vestibulospinal projects ipsilaterally as far down as the lumbar spinal cord. Helps us maintain an upright and balanced posture by facilitating the extensor motor neurons of the legs.

Vestibular organ - 2 aspects
- Cochlear - hearing
- Semicircular canals - perpendicular to each other - balance
Medial and lateral tracts
Originate in the vestibular nuclei of the medulla which relay sensory information from the vestibular labyrinth in the inner ear.
Medial vestibulospinal pathways projects down to the spinal cord and activates the cervical spinal circuits that control neck and back muscle guides and thus guide head movements.
Therefore it helps to keeps the eyes stable as the body is moved.
Lateral vestibulospinal projects ipsilaterally as far down as the lumbar spinal cord. Helps us maintain an upright and balanced posture by facilitating the extensor motor neurons of the legs.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tectospinal Tract

Originates in the superior … in the midbrain which receives direct input from the …
The superior … receives information from the … and the visual cortex. This is used to construct a map of the world around us.
Allows us to direct the head and eyes to … so that the appropriate point of space is imaged on the …
The projections decussate immediately and lie close to the midline into the cervical regions of the spinal cord where they help to control the muscles of the neck, upper trunk and shoulders.

Originates in the superior colliculus in the midbrain which receives direct input from the retina.
The superior colliculus receives information from the retina and the visual cortex. This is used to construct a map of the world around us.
Allows us to direct the head and eyes to move so that the appropriate point of space is imaged on the fovea.
The projections decussate immediately and lie close to the midline into the cervical regions of the spinal cord where they help to control the muscles of the neck, upper trunk and shoulders.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Tectospinal Tract

Originates in the … … in the midbrain which receives direct input from the retina.
The … … receives information from the retina and the visual cortex. This is used to construct a map of the world around us.
Allows us to direct the head and eyes to move so that the appropriate point of space is imaged on the fovea.
The projections … immediately and lie close to the midline into the cervical regions of the spinal cord where they help to control the muscles of the neck, upper trunk and shoulders.

Originates in the superior colliculus in the midbrain which receives direct input from the retina.
The superior colliculus receives information from the retina and the visual cortex. This is used to construct a map of the world around us.
Allows us to direct the head and eyes to move so that the appropriate point of space is imaged on the fovea.
The projections decussate immediately and lie close to the midline into the cervical regions of the spinal cord where they help to control the muscles of the neck, upper trunk and shoulders.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Reticulospinal Tract

… - arousal state - 2 tracts, medial and lateral -> … muscles -> balance
The pathway runs from the … The reticular formation is just under the cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle. It is a complex meshwork of neurons.
It descends in two separate pathways, pontine (medial) and medullary (lateral) .
Both facilitate the … of the limbs.

Involuntary - arousal state - 2 tracts, medial and lateral -> extensor muscles -> balance
The pathway runs from the brainstem. The reticular formation is just under the cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle. It is a complex meshwork of neurons.
It descends in two separate pathways, pontine (medial) and medullary (lateral) .
Both facilitate the extension of the limbs.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Reticulospinal Tract

Involuntary - arousal state - 2 tracts, … and… -> extensor muscles -> balance
The pathway runs from the brainstem. The reticular formation is just under the cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle. It is a complex meshwork of neurons.
It descends in two separate pathways, pontine (…) and medullary (…) .
Both facilitate the extension of the limbs.

Involuntary - arousal state - 2 tracts, medial and lateral -> extensor muscles -> balance
The pathway runs from the brainstem. The reticular formation is just under the cerebral aqueduct and fourth ventricle. It is a complex meshwork of neurons.
It descends in two separate pathways, pontine (medial) and medullary (lateral) .
Both facilitate the extension of the limbs.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Overview of descending pathways

Tectospinal and medial vestibulospinal
- Control … and … movements.
Lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal
- Activate … muscles in arms and legs.
Rubrospinal
- Activates … muscles in arms.

Tectospinal and medial vestibulospinal
- Control head and neck movements.
Lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal
- Activate extensor muscles in arms and legs.
Rubrospinal
- Activates flexor muscles in arms.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Overview of descending pathways

T… and … vestibulospinal
- Control head and neck movements.
Lateral … and …
- Activate extensor muscles in arms and legs.
R…
- Activates flexor muscles in arms.

Tectospinal and medial vestibulospinal
- Control head and neck movements.
Lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal
- Activate extensor muscles in arms and legs.
Rubrospinal
- Activates flexor muscles in arms.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

OVERVIEW OF THE DESCENDING PATHWAYS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Descending tracts - posturing in coma

… coma scale

Glasgow coma scale

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Glasgow coma scale

Minimum of … - … max
Motor response - noxious stimuli if no response to talking - trigger - response in limbs - tell from response to … where lesion is
… posturing: 2 points - Above red nucleus - decorticate posturing - stroke - corticospinal tract damaged but rubrospinal tract intact - activate flexor muscle
… posturing: 1 point - Below red nucleus - inferior to red nucleus - lose rubrospinal tracts - lateral vestibular and reticulospinal tract - involved in extensors - arm and legs - all 4 legs - worse prognosis below red nucleus

Glasgow coma scale
Minimum of 3 - 15 max
Motor response - noxious stimuli if no response to talking - trigger - response in limbs - tell from response to pain where lesion is
Decorticate posturing: 2 points - Above red nucleus - decorticate posturing - stroke - corticospinal tract damaged but rubrospinal tract intact - activate flexor muscle
Decerebrate posturing: 1 point - Below red nucleus - inferior to red nucleus - lose rubrospinal tracts - lateral vestibular and reticulospinal tract - involved in extensors - arm and legs - all 4 legs - worse prognosis below red nucleus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Glasgow coma scale

Minimum of 3 - 15 max
Motor response - noxious stimuli if no response to talking - trigger - response in limbs - tell from response to pain where lesion is
Decorticate posturing: … points - … red nucleus - decorticate posturing - stroke - corticospinal tract damaged but rubrospinal tract intact - activate flexor muscle
Decerebrate posturing: … point - … red nucleus - inferior to red nucleus - lose rubrospinal tracts - lateral vestibular and reticulospinal tract - involved in extensors - arm and legs - all 4 legs - worse prognosis … red nucleus

Study These Flashcards

Glasgow coma scale
Minimum of 3 - 15 max
Motor response - noxious stimuli if no response to talking - trigger - response in limbs - tell from response to pain where lesion is
Decorticate posturing: 2 points - Above red nucleus - decorticate posturing - stroke - corticospinal tract damaged but rubrospinal tract intact - activate flexor muscle
Decerebrate posturing: 1 point - Below red nucleus - inferior to red nucleus - lose rubrospinal tracts - lateral vestibular and reticulospinal tract - involved in extensors - arm and legs - all 4 legs - worse prognosis below red nucleus

Glasgow coma scale

Motor response:
Rubrospinal pathways are the key:
- In decorticate posturing, the rubrospinal are disinhibited and therefore facilitate flexors in the UL (lesion … red nucleus)
- In decerebrate posturing, the rubrospinal are disrupted and therefore the UL are extended. (lesion … red nucleus)
Red nucleus is in the …
So response to noxious stimulus allows us to understand where the lesion is.
Lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts activate the … muscles.

Study These Flashcards

Rubrospinal pathways are the key:
- In decorticate posturing, the rubrospinal are disinhibited and therefore facilitate flexors in the UL (lesion above red nucleus)
- In decerebrate posturing, the rubrospinal are disrupted and therefore the UL are extended. (lesion below red nucleus)
Red nucleus is in the midbrain
So response to noxious stimulus allows us to understand where the lesion is.
Lateral vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts activate the extensor muscles.

_Damage to motor cortex and corticospinal tract - humans_ * During ... - damage corticospinal tract * Extensor muscle from other tracts - reticulospinal and vestibulospinal cause extensors to lower limb - Can still walk * ... neurone problem can be picked up against lower neurone problem * Upper - taken brakes off, reflexes more brisk * Increased tone in arms and increased reflexes in upper motor neurone problem * Typical Posture * some preserved upper limb flexion * and lower limb extension * ... tone (spasticity), ... Reflexes, * Extensor Plantar/Babinski reflex, Clonus * But patient maintains a posture

* During **stroke** - damage corticospinal tract * Extensor muscle from other tracts - reticulospinal and vestibulospinal cause extensors to lower limb - Can still walk * **Upper** neurone problem can be picked up against lower neurone problem * Upper - taken brakes off, reflexes more brisk * Increased tone in arms and increased reflexes in upper motor neurone problem * Typical Posture * some preserved upper limb flexion * and lower limb extension * **Increased tone (spasticity), Brisk Reflexes,** * Extensor Plantar/Babinski reflex, Clonus * But patient maintains a posture

_Damage to motor cortex and corticospinal tract - humans_ * During stroke - damage corticospinal tract * Extensor muscle from other tracts - reticulospinal and vestibulospinal cause extensors to lower limb - Can still walk * Upper neurone problem can be picked up against lower neurone problem * Upper - taken brakes off, reflexes more brisk * Increased tone in arms and increased reflexes in upper motor neurone problem * Typical Posture * some preserved upper limb flexion * and lower limb extension * Increased tone (spasticity), Brisk Reflexes, * Extensor Plantar/Babinski reflex, Clonus * But patient maintains a posture

* During stroke - damage corticospinal tract * Extensor muscle from other tracts - reticulospinal and vestibulospinal cause extensors to lower limb - Can still walk * Upper neurone problem can be picked up against lower neurone problem * Upper - taken brakes off, reflexes more brisk * Increased tone in arms and increased reflexes in upper motor neurone problem * Typical Posture * some preserved upper limb flexion * and lower limb extension * Increased tone (spasticity), Brisk Reflexes, * Extensor Plantar/Babinski reflex, Clonus * But patient maintains a posture

Increased tone in arms and increased reflexes in ... motor neurone problem

Increased tone in arms and increased reflexes in **upper** motor neurone problem

_Loss of descending inhibition_ * Altered excitability of spinal inhibitory interneurons * ... reflexes * ... tone to rapid passive muscle stretching= spasticity * Contrast with damage to motor neuron * – reduced tone * ... of reflexes * muscle ... * Babinksi reflex - A-normal (Flexor) B-abnormal (extensor)

* Altered excitability of spinal inhibitory interneurons * Brisk reflexes * increased tone to rapid passive muscle stretching= spasticity * Contrast with damage to motor neuron * – reduced tone * loss of reflexes * muscle wasting * Babinksi reflex - A-normal (Flexor) B-abnormal (extensor)

_Loss of descending inhibition_ * Altered excitability of spinal inhibitory interneurons * Brisk reflexes * increased tone to rapid passive muscle stretching= ... * Contrast with damage to motor neuron * – ... tone * loss of reflexes * muscle wasting * ... reflex - A-normal (Flexor) B-abnormal (extensor)

When differentiating upper and lower motor neuron disease, remember that ... motor neurons are responsible for motor movement, whereas ... motor neurons prevent excessive muscle movement. ... motor disorders usually cause spasticity; ... motordisorders usually cause flaccidity.

When differentiating upper and lower motor neuron disease, remember that upper motor neurons are responsible for motor movement, whereas lower motor neurons prevent excessive muscle movement. Upper motor disorders usually cause spasticity; lower motordisorders usually cause flaccidity.

_Babinski Reflex_ * In a baby, toes ... and ... * As corticospinal tract develops - tickle, toes go ... * ... motor neurone problem - reverts back into what you see in a baby * Babinski ... - shows you have a problem

* In a baby, toes lift and fan * As corticospinal tract develops - tickle, toes go down * Upper motor neurone problem - reverts back into what you see in a baby * Babinski positive - shows you have a problem

Babinski + = ... motor neuron problem

Babinski + = **upper** motor neuron problem

_Corticobulbar pathway_ * The ... tract carries motor signals from the primary motor cortex in the brain, down the spinal cord, to the muscles of the trunk and limbs. * The ... tract carries efferent, motor, information from the primary motor cortex to the muscles of the face, head and neck. * Axons also project from layer 5 to the motor neurons in the brainstem.

* The **corticospinal** tract carries motor signals from the primary motor cortex in the brain, down the spinal cord, to the muscles of the trunk and limbs. ... * The **corticobulbar** tract carries efferent, motor, information from the primary motor cortex to the muscles of the face, head and neck. * Axons also project from layer 5 to the motor neurons in the brainstem.

The ... tract is a descending pathway responsible for innervating several cranial nerves, and runs in paralell with the corticospinal tract.

The **corticobulbar** tract is a descending pathway responsible for innervating several cranial nerves, and runs in paralell with the corticospinal tract.

_Stroke - facial palsy_ * Problem with left hemisphere - right side weakness * Decussation of the cortical spinal tracts * For the face - stroke - ... part of the face is bilaterally innervated * Lose one side, ... face is spared * Only see weakness of contralateral lower side of the face * Distinguish from disorder of lower motor nerve of cranial nerve 7 - facial nerve - take out whole side of the face * Stroke mimics - ... palsy - eyes and mouth weakness * Stroke - only mouth - eyes are sparred

* Problem with left hemisphere - right side weakness * Decussation of the cortical spinal tracts * For the face - stroke - upper part of the face is bilaterally innervated * Lose one side, upper face is spared * Only see weakness of contralateral lower side of the face * Distinguish from disorder of lower motor nerve of cranial nerve 7 - facial nerve - take out whole side of the face * Stroke mimics - bell's palsy - eyes and mouth weakness * Stroke - only mouth - eyes are sparred

_Stroke - facial palsy_ * Problem with left hemisphere - right side weakness * Decussation of the cortical spinal tracts * For the face - stroke - upper part of the face is bilaterally innervated * Lose one side, upper face is spared * Only see weakness of contralateral lower side of the face * Distinguish from disorder of lower motor nerve of cranial nerve 7 - facial nerve - take out whole side of the face * Stroke mimics - bell's ... - eyes and mouth weakness * Stroke - only mouth - eyes are ...

The motor ... is a topographic representation of the body parts and its correspondents along the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. While the sensory ... is a topographic representation of the body parts along the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.

The motor homunculus is a topographic representation of the body parts and its correspondents along the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. While the sensory homunculus is a topographic representation of the body parts along the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.

This is showing a ...sagittal meningioma - by pressing of foot/leg area of both motor cortices it presents as ... leg weakness and spasticity

This is showing a parasagittal meningioma - by pressing of foot/leg area of both motor cortices it presents as bilateral leg weakness and spasticity

_Blood supply to the brain and stroke syndromes_ * Always deficits follow vascular territory * Revise blood supply to hemisphere - label

_Middle Cerebral artery occlusion_ * MCA usually hand and face but depends where it is * Proximal lesion - corticospinal tract starts in cortex but travels down - merge in ... capsule - take out leg, hand, face * Can get with MCA - if its deep - undercutting as it travels through internal capsule * ... lesion - only face and hand, maybe language function * Learn ... - nerves coming to ... capsule

* MCA usually hand and face but depends where it is * Proximal lesion - corticospinal tract starts in cortex but travels down - merge in internal capsule - take out leg, hand, face * Can get with MCA - if its deep - undercutting as it travels through internal capsule * Distal lesion - only face and hand, maybe language function * Learn homunculus - nerves coming to internal capsule

_Anterior cerebral artery stroke_ * Supplies medial part of ... lobes including leg area of motor cortex * crural (leg) paresis \> arm paresis * frontal signs (A.g. ... - loss of impairment of the ability to make decisions or act independently)

* Supplies medial part of frontal lobes including leg area of motor cortex * crural (leg) paresis \> arm paresis * frontal signs (A.g. abulia - loss of impairment of the ability to make decisions or act independently)

_Anterior cerebral artery stroke_ * Supplies medial part of frontal lobes including ... area of motor cortex * crural (leg) paresis \> arm paresis * frontal signs (A.g. abulia - loss of ... of the ability to make ... or act ...)

_Jacksonian seizure_ * Pure ... seizure - start in one part - spread up arm and involve face * Partial onset simple ... seizure becoming secondarily generalised * Strongly associated with structural abnormality in or close to ... cortex

* Pure motor seizure - start in one part - spread up arm and involve face * Partial onset simple motor seizure becoming secondarily generalised * Strongly associated with structural abnormality in or close to motor cortex

_Posterior Parietal Cortex_ * Posterior parietal cortex - area ... and ... - Info around you - need sensory feedback while walking etc * Sensory ... - problems - unsteady - problem with sensory nerves - must have sensory feedback to have good ... * Feeds to sensory cortex

* Posterior parietal cortex - area 5 and 7 - Info around you - need sensory feedback while walking etc * Sensory neuropathy - problems - unsteady - problem with sensory nerves - must have sensory feedback to have good balance * Feeds to sensory cortex

Various sensations - visual, a..., h..., touch, vestibular ..., ... taste

**Various sensations - visual, auditory, hearing, touch, vestibular balance, gustatory taste**

_Perceptual motor dysfunction_

_Association cortices_ * ... - sensation * ... - vision * ... - vestibular and hearing * All feeds to frontal lobe * Frontal lobe - p... * ... cortex - SMA and PMA

* Parietal - sensation * Occipital - vision * Temporal - vestibular and hearing * All feeds to frontal lobe * Frontal lobe - planning * Prefrontal cortex - SMA and PMA

_Premotor area (PMA)_ * Importance in control of ... ... movements - e.g. orientation of hand in relation to object to be ... (prehension) * Damage may also cause perseveration of motor activity despite lack of success

* Importance in control of visually guided movements - e.g. orientation of hand in relation to object to be grasped (prehension) * Damage may also cause perseveration of motor activity despite lack of success

_Simple finger flexion - only M1 activation_ * Functional imaging - highlights activated brain area * Flex finger - M1 activated * Then a sequence of movements - M1+ SMA activated - more complex movement * But if mental ... only of finger movements - only SMA activation * ... takes place in SMA

* Functional imaging - highlights activated brain area * Flex finger - M1 activated * Then a sequence of movements - M1+ SMA activated - more complex movement * But if mental rehearsal only of finger movements - only SMA activation * Thought takes place in SMA

In humands - wide interconnections between sensory and motor association areas - damage causes ...

In humands - wide interconnections between sensory and motor association areas - damage causes apraxia

In humands - wide interconnections between sensory and motor association areas - damage causes apraxia - this means the inability to carry out ... movements in the absence of ... or ...

In humands - wide interconnections between sensory and motor association areas - damage causes apraxia - this means the inability to carry out purposeful movements in the absence of paralysis or paresis

_Types of Apraxia_ * ... (parietal): unable to report the sequence - unable to ... how to do it * Show me how to make a peanut butter sandwich? * ... (SMA): unable to use the tool - unable to actually ... the tool * Show me how to hold and use a pair of scissors

* Ideational (parietal): unable to report the sequence - unable to explain how to do it * Show me how to make a peanut butter sandwich? * Ideomotor (SMA): unable to use the tool - unable to actually use the tool * Show me how to hold and use a pair of scissors

_Types of Apraxia_ * Ideational (...): unable to report the sequence - unable to explain how to do it * Show me how to make a peanut butter sandwich? * Ideomotor (...): unable to use the tool - unable to actually use the tool * Show me how to hold and use a pair of scissors

_Aberrant sensory processing - task specific dystonias_

_Role of anterior cingulate gyrus_ * Pathway from anterior cingulate gyrus - can ... for a genuine joke * Even during a ...

* Pathway from anterior cingulate gyrus - can smile for a genuine joke * Even during a stroke

_Basal Ganglia_ * Function: ... feedback loop with the cortex to select ... movements and deselect ... movements.

* Function: Positive feedback loop with the cortex to select wanted movements and deselect unwanted movements.

_Cerebellum_ * Function: * ... of muscles in order to make smooth movements. * B... * ... learning

* Function: * Coordination of muscles in order to make smooth movements. * Balance * Motor learning

Motor Learning and Neurological Syndromes Flashcards

(57 cards)