Anatomy of the Forearm

Question 1

Skeleton - Forearm

• Radius bone - most lateral
  
  • Proximal:
    
    • Radial … - circular - lateral condyle of humerus articulates here
    • Radial tuberosity - … … inserts here
  • Distal:
    
    • … process of radius
• Ulna bone - medially
  
  • Proximal:
    
    • … - back of ulna near the elbow
    • Radial … - circular head of radius articulates with ulna here
    • … notch - medial condyle of humerus articulates ulna here
    • … process
    • Ulna tuberosity - … inserts here
  • Distal:
    
    • … process of ulna

Answer 1

• Radius - most lateral
  
  • Proximal:
    
    • Radial head - circular - lateral condyle of humerus articulates here
    • Radial tuberosity - biceps brachii inserts here
  • Distal:
    
    • Styloid process of radius
• Ulna - medially
  
  • Proximal:
    
    • Olecranon - back of ulna near the elbow
    • Radial notch - circular head of radius articulates with ulna here
    • Trochlea notch - medial condyle of humerus articulates ulna here
    • Coronoid process
    • Ulna tuberosity - brachialis inserts here
  • Distal:
    
    • Styloid process of ulna

Question 2

Label the Forearm skeleton

Answer 2

Question 3

Label the Forearm skeleton

Answer 3

Question 4

Label the Forearm skeleton

Answer 4

Question 5

Label the Forearm skeleton

Answer 5

Question 6

Joints of the Forearm

• Two joints:
  
  • Synovial hinge joint (… joint) flexion/extension
  • Synovial pivot joint (… … joint) - supination/pronation

Answer 6

• Two joints:
  
  • Synovial hinge joint (elbow joint) flexion/extension
  • Synovial pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) - supination/pronation

Question 7

Joints of the Forearm

• Two joints:
  
  • Synovial … joint (elbow joint) flexion/extension
  • Synovial … joint (proximal radioulnar joint) - supination/pronation

Answer 7

• Two joints:
  
  • Synovial hinge joint (elbow joint) flexion/extension
  • Synovial pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) - supination/pronation

Question 8

Joints of the Forearm

• Two joints:
  
  • Synovial hinge joint (elbow joint) …/… of forearm
  • Synovial pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) - …/… of forearm

Answer 8

• Two joints:
  
  • Synovial hinge joint (elbow joint) flexion/extension of forearm
  • Synovial pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) supination/pronation of forearm

Question 9

Joints of the Forearm

• Two joints:
  
  • Synovial hinge joint (elbow joint) …/… of forearm
  • Synovial pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) - …/… of forearm

Answer 9

• Two joints:
  
  • Synovial hinge joint (elbow joint) flexion/extension of forearm
  • Synovial pivot joint (proximal radioulnar joint) supination/pronation of forearm

Question 10

Elbow joint (Synovial hinge joint)

• It is the point of articulation of three bones: the … of the arm and the … and the … of the forearm.
• … - Biceps brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis muscles
  Mnemonic: 3 B’s bend the elbow
  Extension - … … muscle

Answer 10

• It is the point of articulation of three bones: the humerus of the arm and the radius and the ulna of the forearm.
• Flexion - Biceps brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis muscles
  Mnemonic: 3 B’s bend the elbow
  Extension - Triceps brachii muscle

Question 11

There are three bones that comprise the elbow joint, which are …

Answer 11

• the humerus
• the radius
• the ulna.

Question 12

At the elbow joint, the proximal ends of the radius and ulna articulate with each other at the … … joint.

Answer 12

At the elbow joint, the proximal ends of the radius and ulna articulate with each other at the proximal radioulnar joint.

Question 13

Proximal Radioulnar Joint

• The proximal radioulnar joint is located immediately distal to the … joint, and is enclosed with in the same articular capsule. It is formed by an articulation between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna.
• There are two movements possible at this joint - … and …

Answer 13

• The proximal radioulnar joint is located immediately distal to the elbow joint, and is enclosed with in the same articular capsule. It is formed by an articulation between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna.
• There are two movements possible at this joint: pronation and supination

Question 14

Ligaments of the Forearm

• Ligaments stabilise/strengthen joint
• … ligament wraps around rounded head of radius (attached to radial notch and ulna)
• Ulnar collateral ligrament - coming from … epicondyle
• Radial collateral ligament - coming from … epicondyle

Answer 14

• Ligaments stabilise/strengthen joint
• Annular ligament wraps around rounded head of radius (attached to radial notch and ulna)
• Ulnar collateral ligrament - coming from medial epicondyle
• Radial collateral ligament - coming from lateral epicondyle

Question 15

Ligaments of the Forearm

• Label the diagram

Answer 15

Question 16

Ligaments of the Forearm

• Label the diagram

Answer 16

Question 17

Ligaments of the Forearm

• Label the diagram

Answer 17

Question 18

Ligaments of the Forearm

• Label the diagram

Answer 18

Question 19

Forearm compartments

• Two compartments:
  
  • Anterior/… compartment
  • Posterior/… compartment
• Long … enter hand

Answer 19

• Two compartments:
  
  • Anterior/Flexor compartment
  • Posterior/Extensor compartment
• Long tendons enter hand

Question 20

Anterior compartment of Forearm

• Mainly flexors
  
  • Superficial muscles:
    
    • 3 Flexors of wrist (…)
    • 1 Pronator
  • Intermediate muscles:
    
    • 1 Flexor of digits 2-5 (…)
  • Deep muscles:
    
    • 1 Flexor of digits 2-5 (…)
    • 1 Flexor of thumb (…)
    • 1 Pronator
• Superficial and intermediate from common flexor origin (… epicondyle of humerus)

Answer 20

• Mainly flexors
  
  • Superficial muscles:
    
    • 3 Flexors of wrist (carpi)
    • 1 Pronator
  • Intermediate muscles:
    
    • 1 Flexor of digits 2-5 (digitorum)
  • Deep muscles:
    
    • 1 Flexor of digits 2-5 (digitorum)
    • 1 Flexor of thumb (pollicis)
    • 1 Pronator
• Superficial and intermediate from common flexor origin (medial epicondyle of humerus)

Question 21

Anterior compartment of Forearm

• Mainly flexors
  
  • … muscles:
    
    • 3 Flexors of wrist (carpi)
    • 1 Pronator
  • … muscles:
    
    • 1 Flexor of digits 2-5 (digitorum)
  • … muscles:
    
    • 1 Flexor of digits 2-5 (digitorum)
    • 1 Flexor of thumb (pollicis)
    • 1 Pronator
• … and … from common flexor origin (medial epicondyle of humerus)

Answer 21

• Mainly flexors
  
  • Superficial muscles:
    
    • 3 Flexors of wrist (carpi)
    • 1 Pronator
  • Intermediate muscles:
    
    • 1 Flexor of digits 2-5 (digitorum)
  • Deep muscles:
    
    • 1 Flexor of digits 2-5 (digitorum)
    • 1 Flexor of thumb (pollicis)
    • 1 Pronator
• Superficial and intermediate from common flexor origin (medial epicondyle of humerus)

Question 22

Anterior compartment of Forearm

• Mainly flexors
  
  • Superficial muscles:
    
    • … Flexors of wrist (carpi)
    • … Pronator
  • Intermediate muscles:
    
    • … Flexor of digits 2-5 (digitorum)
  • Deep muscles:
    
    • … Flexor of digits 2-5 (digitorum)
    • … Flexor of thumb (pollicis)
    • … Pronator
• Superficial and intermediate from common flexor origin (… epicondyle of humerus)

Answer 22

• Mainly flexors
  
  • Superficial muscles:
    
    • 3 Flexors of wrist (carpi)
    • 1 Pronator
  • Intermediate muscles:
    
    • 1 Flexor of digits 2-5 (digitorum)
  • Deep muscles:
    
    • 1 Flexor of digits 2-5 (digitorum)
    • 1 Flexor of thumb (pollicis)
    • 1 Pronator
• Superficial and intermediate from common flexor origin (medial epicondyle of humerus)

Question 23

Anterior, Superficial layer of forearm

• Common flexor origin - … epicondyle of humerus
• Flexor … ulnaris - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of 5th metacarpal)
• … longus - Weak flexor of hand (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts onto palmar aponeurosis)
• Flexor … radialis - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal)
• … teres - (origin - Humeral head: medial supracondylar ridge of humerus, Ulnar head: Coronoid process of ulna, inserts into the radius)

Answer 23

• Common flexor origin - medial epicondyle of humerus
• Flexor carpi ulnaris - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of 5th metacarpal)
• Palmaris longus - Weak flexor of hand (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts onto palmar aponeurosis)
• Flexor carpi radialis - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal)
• Pronator teres - (origin - Humeral head: medial supracondylar ridge of humerus, Ulnar head: Coronoid process of ulna, inserts into the radius)

Question 24

Anterior, Superficial layer of forearm

• Common flexor origin - medial epicondyle of humerus
• Flexor carpi ulnaris - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of 5th metacarpal)
• Palmaris longus - Weak flexor of hand (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts onto palmar aponeurosis)
• Flexor carpi radialis - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal)
• Pronator teres - (origin - Humeral head: medial supracondylar ridge of humerus, Ulnar head: Coronoid process of ulna, inserts into the radius)

Answer 24

• Common flexor origin - medial epicondyle of humerus
• Flexor carpi ulnaris - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of 5th metacarpal)
• Palmaris longus - Weak flexor of hand (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts onto palmar aponeurosis)
• Flexor carpi radialis - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal)
• Pronator teres - (origin - Humeral head: medial supracondylar ridge of humerus, Ulnar head: Coronoid process of ulna, inserts into the radius)

Question 25

_Anterior, Superficial layer of forearm_ * Common flexor origin - medial epicondyle of humerus * Flexor carpi ulnaris - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of ... metacarpal) * Palmaris longus - Weak flexor of hand (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts onto palmar ...) * Flexor carpi radialis - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of ... and ... metacarpal) * Pronator teres - (origin - Humeral head: medial supracondylar ridge of humerus, Ulnar head: Coronoid process of ulna, inserts into the ...)

Answer 25

* Common flexor origin - medial epicondyle of humerus * Flexor carpi ulnaris - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of 5th metacarpal) * Palmaris longus - Weak flexor of hand (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts onto palmar aponeurosis) * Flexor carpi radialis - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal) * Pronator teres - (origin - Humeral head: medial supracondylar ridge of humerus, Ulnar head: Coronoid process of ulna, inserts into the radius)

Question 26

_Anterior, Superficial layer of forearm_ * Common flexor origin - medial epicondyle of humerus * Flexor carpi ulnaris - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of ... metacarpal) * Palmaris longus - Weak flexor of hand (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts onto palmar ...) * Flexor carpi radialis - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of ... and ... metacarpal) * Pronator teres - (origin - Humeral head: medial supracondylar ridge of humerus, Ulnar head: Coronoid process of ulna, inserts into the ...)

Answer 26

* Common flexor origin - medial epicondyle of humerus * Flexor carpi ulnaris - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of 5th metacarpal) * Palmaris longus - Weak flexor of hand (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts onto palmar aponeurosis) * Flexor carpi radialis - Flexor of wrist (origin - medial epicondyle, inserts into base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal) * Pronator teres - (origin - Humeral head: medial supracondylar ridge of humerus, Ulnar head: Coronoid process of ulna, inserts into the radius)

Question 27

Clinical: Golfers elbow / medial epicondylitis (inflammation of tendons at ... ... ... due to overuse/excessive gripping)

Answer 27

Clinical: Golfers elbow / medial epicondylitis (inflammation of tendons at **CFO** (common flexor origin) due to overuse/excessive gripping)

Question 28

Clinical: ... elbow / ... epicondylitis (inflammation of tendons at CFO (common flexor origin) due to overuse/excessive gripping)

Answer 28

Clinical: **Golfers** elbow / **medial** epicondylitis (inflammation of tendons at CFO (common flexor origin) due to overuse/excessive gripping)

Question 29

_Anterior, Intermediate Layer of forearm_ * Flexor digitorum superficialis - Splits into ... tendons * Origin - ... epicondyle of humerus and the ... * Inserts into sides of middle phalanges of digits ...-... * Flex wrist, ... joints and proximal ... joints ...-...: Finger flexion

Answer 29

* Flexor digitorum superficialis - Splits into **four** tendons and attaches to the middle phalanges of the second through fifth digits of the hand. * Origin - **Medial** epicondyle of humerus and the **radius** * Inserts into Sides of middle phalanges of digits **2-5** * Flex wrist, **Metacarpophalangeal** joints and proximal **interphalangeal** joints **2-5**: Finger flexion

Question 30

_Anterior, Intermediate Layer of forearm_ * * Flexor digitorum superficialis - Splits into ... tendons * Origin - ... epicondyle of humerus and the ... * Inserts into sides of middle phalanges of digits ...-... * Flex wrist, ... joints and proximal ... joints ...-...: Finger flexion

Answer 30

* Flexor digitorum superficialis - Splits into **four** tendons and attaches to the middle phalanges of the second through fifth digits of the hand. * Origin - **Medial** epicondyle of humerus and the **radius** * Inserts into Sides of middle phalanges of digits **2-5** * Flex wrist, **Metacarpophalangeal** joints and proximal **interphalangeal** joints **2-5**: Finger flexion

Question 31

_Anterior, Deep layer of forearm_ * Flexor ... profundus - flex wrist, finger flexion - memetacarpophalangeal of 2-5 and interphalangeal joints 2-5 (origin - ulna and interosseous membrane, inserts into distal phalanges of digits 2-5) * Flexor ... longus - Thumb flexion - metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint 1 (origin - radius and interosseous membrane, inserts into distal phalanx of the thumb) * Pronator ... - pronates forearm (origin - distal end of ulna, inserts into distal end of radius)

Answer 31

* Flexor **digitorum** profundus - flex wrist, finger flexion - memetacarpophalangeal of 2-5 and interphalangeal joints 2-5 (origin - ulna and interosseous membrane, inserts into distal phalanges of digits 2-5) * Flexor **pollicis** longus - Thumb flexion - metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint 1 (origin - radius and interosseous membrane, inserts into distal phalanx of the thumb) * Pronator **Quadratus** - pronates forearm (origin - distal end of ulna, inserts into distal end of radius)

Question 32

_Superficial/intermediate anterior forearm muscles_ * These muscles include the pronator ..., flexor ... radialis, flexor ... ulnaris, palmaris ... and flexor ... superficialis (intermediate). The superficial/intermediate anterior forearm muscles share a common origin on the common ... tendon that arises from the ... epicondyle of humerus.

Answer 32

These muscles include the pronator **teres**, flexor **carpi** radialis, flexor **carpi** ulnaris, palmaris **longus** and flexor **digitorum** superficialis(intermediate). The superficial/intermediate anterior forearm muscles share a common origin on the common **flexor** tendon that arises from the **medial** epicondyle of humerus.

Question 33

The flexor ... ... is the only muscle of the intermediate compartment. It can sometimes be classed as a superficial muscle, but in most individuals, it lies between the deep and superficial muscle layers.

Answer 33

The flexor **digitorum superficialis** is the only muscle of the intermediate compartment. It can sometimes be classed as a superficial muscle, but in most individuals, it lies between the deep and superficial muscle layers.

Question 34

The flexor digitorum superficialis is the only anterior forearm muscle of the ... compartment.

Answer 34

The flexor digitorum superficialis is the only anterior forearm muscle of the **intermediate** compartment. It can sometimes be classed as a superficial muscle, but in most individuals, it lies between the deep and superficial muscle layers.

Question 35

_Anterior, Deep layer of forearm_ * Flexor digitorum ... - flex wrist, finger flexion - memetacarpophalangeal of 2-5 and interphalangeal joints 2-5 (origin - ulna and interosseous membrane, inserts into distal phalanges of digits 2-5) * Flexor pollicis ... - ... flexion - metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint 1 (origin - radius and interosseous membrane, inserts into distal phalanx of the thumb) * ... Quadratus - ... forearm (origin - distal end of ulna, inserts into distal end of radius)

Answer 35

* Flexor digitorum **profundus** - flex wrist, finger flexion - memetacarpophalangeal of 2-5 and interphalangeal joints 2-5 (origin - ulna and interosseous membrane, inserts into distal phalanges of digits 2-5) * Flexor pollicis **longus** - **Thumb** flexion - metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint 1 (origin - radius and interosseous membrane, inserts into distal phalanx of the thumb) * **Pronator** Quadratus - **pronates** forearm (origin - distal end of ulna, inserts into distal end of radius)

Question 36

_Anterior, Deep layer of forearm_ * Flexor digitorum profundus - flex wrist, finger flexion - memetacarpophalangeal of 2-5 and interphalangeal joints 2-5 (origin - ... and interosseous membrane, inserts into distal phalanges of digits 2-5) * Flexor pollicis longus - Thumb flexion - metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint 1 (origin - ... and interosseous membrane, inserts into distal phalanx of the thumb) * Pronator Quadratus - pronates forearm (origin - distal end of ulna, inserts into distal end of radius)

Answer 36

* Flexor digitorum profundus - flex wrist, finger flexion - memetacarpophalangeal of 2-5 and interphalangeal joints 2-5 (origin - **ulna** and interosseous membrane, inserts into distal phalanges of digits 2-5) * Flexor pollicis longus - Thumb flexion - metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint 1 (origin - **radius** and interosseous membrane, inserts into distal phalanx of the thumb) * Pronator Quadratus - pronates forearm (origin - distal end of ulna, inserts into distal end of radius)

Question 37

_Anterior, Deep layer of forearm_ * Flexor digitorum profundus - flex wrist, finger flexion - memetacarpophalangeal of 2-5 and interphalangeal joints 2-5 (origin - ulna and ... membrane, inserts into distal phalanges of digits 2-5) * Flexor pollicis longus - Thumb flexion - metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint 1 (origin - radius and ... membrane, inserts into distal phalanx of the thumb) * Pronator Quadratus - pronates forearm (origin - distal end of ulna, inserts into distal end of radius)

Answer 37

* Flexor digitorum profundus - flex wrist, finger flexion - memetacarpophalangeal of 2-5 and interphalangeal joints 2-5 (origin - ulna and **interosseous** membrane, inserts into distal phalanges of digits 2-5) * Flexor pollicis longus - Thumb flexion - metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint 1 (origin - radius and **interosseous** membrane, inserts into distal phalanx of the thumb) * Pronator Quadratus - pronates forearm (origin - distal end of ulna, inserts into distal end of radius)

Question 38

_Posterior compartment of Forearm_ * Mainly ... * Superficial muscles: * 3 Extensors of wrist (...) * 1 Extensor of digits 2-5 (digitorum) * 1 Accessory extensor to digit 5 (digiti minimi) * Brachioradialis and anconeus * Deep muscles: * 2 Extensors of thumb (...) * 1 Abductor of thumb (...) * 1 Accessory extensor to digit 2 (indicis) * 1 Supinator

Answer 38

* Mainly **extensors** * Superficial muscles: * 3 Extensors of wrist (**carpi**) * 1 Extensor of digits 2-5 (digitorum) * 1 Accessory extensor to digit 5 (digiti minimi) * Brachioradialis and anconeus * Deep muscles: * 2 Extensors of thumb (**pollicis**) * 1 Abductor of thumb (**pollicis**) * 1 Accessory extensor to digit 2 (indicis) * 1 Supinator

Question 39

_Posterior compartment of Forearm_ * Mainly extensors * ... muscles: * 3 Extensors of wrist (carpi) * 1 Extensor of digits 2-5 (digitorum) * 1 Accessory extensor to digit 5 (digiti minimi) * Brachioradialis and anconeus * ... muscles: * 2 Extensors of thumb (pollicis) * 1 Abductor of thumb (pollicis) * 1 Accessory extensor to digit 2 (indicis) * 1 Supinator

Answer 39

* Mainly extensors * **Superficial** muscles: * 3 Extensors of wrist (carpi) * 1 Extensor of digits 2-5 (digitorum) * 1 Accessory extensor to digit 5 (digiti minimi) * Brachioradialis and anconeus * **Deep** muscles: * 2 Extensors of thumb (pollicis) * 1 Abductor of thumb (pollicis) * 1 Accessory extensor to digit 2 (indicis) * 1 Supinator

Question 40

_Posterior compartment of Forearm_ * Mainly extensors * Superficial muscles: * 3 Extensors of wrist (carpi) * 1 Extensor of digits 2-5 (...) * 1 Accessory extensor to digit 5 (digiti ...) * Brachioradialis and anconeus * Deep muscles: * 2 Extensors of thumb (pollicis) * 1 Abductor of thumb (pollicis) * 1 Accessory extensor to digit 2 (...) * 1 Supinator

Answer 40

* Mainly extensors * Superficial muscles: * 3 Extensors of wrist (carpi) * 1 Extensor of digits 2-5 (**digitorum**) * 1 Accessory extensor to digit 5 (digiti **minimi**) * Brachioradialis and anconeus * Deep muscles: * 2 Extensors of thumb (pollicis) * 1 Abductor of thumb (pollicis) * 1 Accessory extensor to digit 2 (**indicis**) * 1 Supinator

Question 41

_Posterior, Superficial layer of forearm (5 muscles from the Common extensor origin)_ * Extensor carpi radialis ... / ... (... originates from the supracondylar ridge and inserts into base of 2nd metacarpal, ... originates from lateral epicondyle (common extensor origin) and inserts into 3rd metacarpal) * Extensor ... (originates from common extensor origin, splits into four and inserts into the extensor hood of each finger - D2,3,4,5) * Extensor digiti ... (accessory to extensor ... - originates from common extensor origin, inserts into extensor hood of D5) * Extensor carpi ... (originates from common extensor origin, inserts into base of D5)

Answer 41

* Extensor carpi radialis **longus / brevis** (**longus** originates from the supracondylar ridge and inserts into base of 2nd metacarpal, **brevis** originates from lateral epicondyle (common extensor origin) and inserts into 3rd metacarpal) * Extensor **digitorum** (originates from common extensor origin, splits into four and inserts into the extensor hood of each finger - D2,3,4,5) * Extensor digiti **minimi** (accessory to extensor digitorum - originates from common extensor origin, inserts into extensor hood of D5) * Extensor carpi **ulnaris** (originates from common extensor origin, inserts into base of D5)

Question 42

_Posterior, Superficial layer of forearm (5 muscles from the Common extensor origin)_ * Extensor carpi radialis longus / brevis (longus originates from the supracondylar ridge and inserts into base of ... metacarpal, brevis originates from lateral epicondyle (common extensor origin) and inserts into ... metacarpal) * Extensor digitorum (originates from common extensor origin, splits into ... and inserts into the extensor hood of each finger - D2,3,4,5) * Extensor digiti minimi (accessory to extensor digitorum - originates from common extensor origin, inserts into extensor hood of D5) * Extensor carpi ulnaris (originates from common extensor origin, inserts into base of D5)

Answer 42

* Extensor carpi radialis longus / brevis (longus originates from the supracondylar ridge and inserts into base of **2nd** metacarpal, brevis originates from lateral epicondyle (common extensor origin) and inserts into **3rd** metacarpal) * Extensor digitorum (originates from common extensor origin, splits into **four** and inserts into the extensor hood of each finger - D2,3,4,5) * Extensor digiti minimi (accessory to extensor digitorum - originates from common extensor origin, inserts into extensor hood of D5) * Extensor carpi ulnaris (originates from common extensor origin, inserts into base of D5)

Question 43

_Extensor carpi radialis longus / brevis_ * Longus originates from the ... ridge and inserts into base of ... metacarpal * Brevis originates from lateral epicondyle (... ... origin) and inserts into ... metacarpal

Answer 43

* Longus originates from the **supracondylar** ridge and inserts into base of **2nd** metacarpal * Brevis originates from lateral epicondyle (**common extensor** origin) and inserts into **3rd** metacarpal

Question 44

_Extensor carpi radialis longus / brevis_ * Longus originates from the ... ridge and inserts into base of ... metacarpal * Brevis originates from ... epicondyle (common extensor origin) and inserts into ... metacarpal

Answer 44

* Longus originates from the **supracondylar** ridge and inserts into base of **2nd** metacarpal * Brevis originates from **lateral** epicondyle (**common extensor** origin) and inserts into **3rd** metacarpal

Question 45

_Extensor digitorum_ originates from common extensor origin, splits into ... and inserts into the extensor hood of fingers ...

Answer 45

* originates from common extensor origin, splits into **four** and inserts into the extensor hood of each finger - **D2,3,4,5**

Question 46

_Extensor digiti minimi_ * Accessory to extensor ... - originates from common extensor origin, inserts into extensor hood of ...

Answer 46

* Accessory to extensor **digitorum** - originates from common extensor origin, inserts into extensor hood of **D5**

Question 47

_Extensor carpi ulnaris_ * originates from common ... origin, inserts into base of digit ...

Answer 47

* originates from common **extensor** origin, inserts into base of **D5**

Question 48

_Posterior, Superficial layer of forearm_ * Fill in the blanks

Answer 48

Question 49

_Posterior, Superficial layer of forearm_ * Fill in the blanks

Answer 49

Question 50

_Brachioradialis_ * The brachioradialis is a ..., superficial muscle. * Flexor when half ... * Originates from the proximal aspect of the lateral ... ridge of humerus, and attaches to the distal end of the radius, just before the radial ... process.

Answer 50

* The brachioradialis is a **posterior**, superficial muscle. * Flexor when half **pronated** * Originates from the proximal aspect of the lateral **supracondylar** ridge of humerus, and attaches to the distal end of the radius, just before the radial **styloid** process.

Question 51

_Brachioradialis_ * The brachioradialis is a posterior, ... muscle. * Flexor when ... pronated * Originates from the proximal aspect of the lateral ... ridge of humerus, and attaches to the distal end of the radius, just before the radial ... process.

Answer 51

* The brachioradialis is a posterior, **superficial** muscle. * Flexor when **half** pronated * Originates from the proximal aspect of the lateral **supracondylar** ridge of humerus, and attaches to the distal end of the radius, just before the radial **styloid** process.

Question 52

_Anconeus_ * Superior, posterior forearm muscle * Originates from the ... epicondyle, and attaches to the posterior and lateral part of the ... * Stablises the elbow * Innervation: Radial nerve.

Answer 52

* Superior, posterior forearm muscle * Originates from the **lateral** epicondyle, and attaches to the posterior and lateral part of the **olecranon**. * Stablises the elbow * Innervation: Radial nerve.

Question 53

_Anconeus_ * Superior, posterior forearm muscle * Originates from the lateral epicondyle, and attaches to the posterior and lateral part of the olecranon. * Stablises the ... * Innervation: ... nerve.

Answer 53

* Superior, posterior forearm muscle * Originates from the lateral epicondyle, and attaches to the posterior and lateral part of the olecranon. * Stablises the **elbow** * Innervation: **Radial** nerve.

Question 54

_Anconeus_ * ..., posterior forearm muscle * Originates from the lateral epicondyle, and attaches to the posterior and lateral part of the olecranon. * ... the elbow * Innervation: Radial nerve.

Answer 54

* **Superior**, posterior forearm muscle * Originates from the lateral epicondyle, and attaches to the posterior and lateral part of the olecranon. * **Stablises** the elbow * Innervation: Radial nerve.

Question 55

_Label the Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Forearm_

Answer 55

Question 56

_Label the Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Forearm_

Answer 56

Question 57

_Label the Superficial Muscles of the Posterior Forearm_

Answer 57

Question 58

_Posterior, Deep layer of forearm_ * Do not come from the ... ... origin - come from radius, ulna or interosseous membrane * Supinator * Large muscle, supinates the forearm * Abductor Pollicis Longus * Abductor of thumb, inserts into ... metacarpal * Extensor Pollicis Brevis * Short extensor of thumb, tendon inserts into proximal phalanx of the thumb * Extensor Pollicis Longus * Long extensor of thumb, tendon inserts into distal phalanx of the thumb * **(Abductor Pollicis Longus and Extensor Pollicis Brevis both contribute to the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox & Extensor Pollicis Longus contributes to medial border of the anatomical snuffbox)** * Extensor Indicis * Accessory to extensor digitorum

Answer 58

* Do not come from the **common** **extensor** origin - come from radius, ulna or interosseous membrane * Supinator * Large muscle, supinates the forearm * Abductor Pollicis Longus * Abductor of thumb, inserts into **1st** metacarpal * Extensor Pollicis Brevis * Short extensor of thumb, tendon inserts into proximal phalanx of the thumb * Extensor Pollicis Longus * Long extensor of thumb, tendon inserts into distal phalanx of the thumb * **(Abductor Pollicis Longus and Extensor Pollicis Brevis both contribute to the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox & Extensor Pollicis Longus contributes to medial border of the anatomical snuffbox)** * Extensor Indicis * Accessory to extensor digitorum

Question 59

_Posterior, Deep layer of forearm_ * Do not come from the ... ... origin - come from radius, ulna or interosseous membrane * Supinator * Large muscle, supinates the forearm * Abductor Pollicis Longus * Abductor of thumb, inserts into 1st metacarpal * Extensor Pollicis Brevis * Short extensor of thumb, tendon inserts into ... phalanx of the thumb * Extensor Pollicis Longus * Long extensor of thumb, tendon inserts into ... phalanx of the thumb * **(Abductor Pollicis Longus and Extensor Pollicis Brevis both contribute to the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox & Extensor Pollicis Longus contributes to medial border of the anatomical snuffbox)** * Extensor Indicis * Accessory to extensor digitorum

Answer 59

* Do not come from the **common** **extensor** origin - come from radius, ulna or interosseous membrane * Supinator * Large muscle, supinates the forearm * Abductor Pollicis Longus * Abductor of thumb, inserts into 1st metacarpal * Extensor Pollicis Brevis * Short extensor of thumb, tendon inserts into **proximal** phalanx of the thumb * Extensor Pollicis Longus * Long extensor of thumb, tendon inserts into **distal** phalanx of the thumb * **(Abductor Pollicis Longus and Extensor Pollicis Brevis both contribute to the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox & Extensor Pollicis Longus contributes to medial border of the anatomical snuffbox)** * Extensor Indicis * Accessory to extensor digitorum

Question 60

_Posterior, Deep layer of forearm_ * Abductor Pollicis Longus * Extensor Pollicis Brevis * Extensor Pollicis Longus * **(Abductor Pollicis Longus and Extensor Pollicis Brevis both contribute to the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox & Extensor Pollicis Longus contributes to medial border of the anatomical snuffbox)** * Supinator​ * Extensor Indicis * Accessory to extensor digitorum

Answer 60

* Do not come from the **common** **extensor** origin - come from radius, ulna or interosseous membrane * Supinator * Large muscle, supinates the forearm * Abductor Pollicis Longus * Abductor of thumb, inserts into 1st metacarpal * Extensor Pollicis Brevis * Short extensor of thumb, tendon inserts into proximal phalanx of the thumb * Extensor Pollicis Longus * Long extensor of thumb, tendon inserts into distal phalanx of the thumb * **(Abductor Pollicis Longus and Extensor Pollicis Brevis both contribute to the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox & Extensor Pollicis Longus contributes to medial border of the anatomical snuffbox)** * Extensor Indicis * Accessory to extensor digitorum

Question 61

_Posterior, Deep layer of forearm_ * Label the diagram

Answer 61

Question 62

_Posterior, Deep layer of forearm_ * Label the diagram

Answer 62

Question 63

_Wrist abduction and adduction_ * Performed by the ... muscles * Abduction (radial deviation): * Produced by the flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (Insert into bases of metacarpal bones 2 or 3) * Adduction (ulnar deviation): * Produced by the extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris (towards 5th metacarpal) * Together muscles splint the wrist to allow fine movements of the hand

Answer 63

* Performed by the **carpi** muscles * Abduction (radial deviation): * Produced by the flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (Insert into bases of metacarpal bones 2 or 3) * Adduction (ulnar deviation): * Produced by the extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris (towards 5th metacarpal) * Together muscles splint the wrist to allow fine movements of the hand

Question 64

_Wrist abduction and adduction_ * Performed by the carpi muscles * ... (radial deviation): * Produced by the flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (Insert into bases of metacarpal bones 2 or 3) * ... (ulnar deviation): * Produced by the extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris (towards 5th metacarpal) * Together muscles splint the wrist to allow fine movements of the hand

Answer 64

* Performed by the **carpi** muscles * **Abduction** (radial deviation): * Produced by the flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (Insert into bases of metacarpal bones 2 or 3) * **Adduction** (ulnar deviation): * Produced by the extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris (towards 5th metacarpal) * Together muscles splint the wrist to allow fine movements of the hand

Question 65

_Wrist abduction and adduction_ * Performed by the ... muscles * Abduction (... deviation): * Produced by the flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (Insert into bases of metacarpal bones 2 or 3) * Adduction (... deviation): * Produced by the extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris (towards 5th metacarpal) * Together muscles splint the wrist to allow fine movements of the hand

Answer 65

* Performed by the **carpi** muscles * Abduction (**radial** deviation): * Produced by the flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis (Insert into bases of metacarpal bones 2 or 3) * Adduction (**ulnar** deviation): * Produced by the extensor carpi ulnaris and flexor carpi ulnaris (towards 5th metacarpal) * Together muscles splint the wrist to allow fine movements of the hand

Question 66

_Abduction of the wrist (radial deviation):_ * Produced by the ... carpi ..., ... carpi ... longus and brevis (Insert into bases of metacarpal bones .. or ..)

Answer 66

* Produced by the **flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis** (Insert into bases of metacarpal bones **2 or 3**)

Question 67

_Adduction of the wrist (ulnar deviation):_ * Produced by the ... carpi ... and ... carpi ... (towards ..th metacarpal)

Answer 67

* Produced by the **extensor** carpi **ulnaris** and **flexor** carpi **ulnaris** (towards **5**th metacarpal)

Question 68

_Pronation and supination of forearm_ * What muscles are involved in pronation? (2) * What muscles are involved in supination? (2)

Answer 68

* Supination - Supinator and Biceps brachii * Pronation - Pronator teres and Pronator quadratus

Question 69

_Pronation and supination of forearm_ * What muscles are involved in pronation? (2) * What muscles are involved in supination? (2)

Answer 69

* Supination - Supinator and Biceps brachii * Pronation - Pronator teres and Pronator quadratus

Question 70

_Pronation and supination of the forearm_ * Label the diagram

Answer 70

Question 71

_Pronation and supination of the forearm_ * Supination - palms up * Radius and ulna sit ... * Pronation - palms down * ... stationary - ... rotates and crosses over the top of ...

Answer 71

* Supination - palms up * Radius and ulna sit **parallel** / lie parallel to one another * Pronation - palms down * **Ulna** stationary - **radius** rotates and crosses over the top of **ulna**

Question 72

_Pronation and supination of the forearm_ * Supination - palms ... * Radius and ulna sit parallel * Pronation - palms ... * ulna stationary - radius rotates and crosses over the top of ulna

Answer 72

* Supination - palms **up** * Radius and ulna sit parallel / lie parallel to one another * Pronation - palms **down** * Ulna stationary - radius rotates and crosses over the top of ulna

Question 73

During pronation of the wrist, the ... rotates over the ...

Answer 73

During pronation of the wrist, the **radius** rotates over the **ulna**

Question 74

_Proximal Radioulnar Joint_ * It is formed by an articulation between the head of the radius and the radial ... of the ulna. * The radial head is held in place by the ... radial ligament * Movement is produced by the head of the radius rotating within the ... ligament. There are two movements possible at this joint; pronation and supination. * Pronation: Produced by the pronator ... and pronator ... * Supination: Produced by the supinator and ... brachii.

Answer 74

* It is formed by an articulation between the head of the radius and the radial **notch** of the ulna. * The radial head is held in place by the **annular** radial ligament, * Movement is produced by the head of the radius rotating within the **annular** ligament. There are two movements possible at this joint; pronation and supination. * Pronation: Produced by the pronator **quadratus** and pronator **teres**. * Supination: Produced by the supinator and **biceps** brachii.

Question 75

What muscles are able to pronate the forearm?

Answer 75

Pronator teres and Pronator Quadratus

Question 76

What muscles are able to supinate the forearm?

Answer 76

Supinator and biceps brachii

Question 77

_Carpal tunnel and flexor retinaculum_ * Roof is formed by the flexor ... (transverse carpal ligament) * Carpal tunnel floor formed by carpal bones * The carpal tunnel contains a total of 9 tendons, surrounded by synovial sheaths, and the ... nerve. * Flexor policis longus tendon * Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons (4) * Flexor digitorum profundus tendons (4)

Answer 77

* Roof is formed by the flexor **retinaculum** (transverse carpal ligament) * Carpal tunnel floor formed by carpal bones * The carpal tunnel contains a total of 9 tendons, surrounded by synovial sheaths, and the **median** nerve. * Flexor policis longus tendon * Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons (4) * Flexor digitorum profundus tendons (4)

Question 78

_Carpal tunnel and flexor retinaculum_ * Roof is formed by the flexor retinaculum (... carpal ligament) * Carpal tunnel floor formed by carpal bones * The carpal tunnel contains a total of ... tendons, surrounded by synovial sheaths, and the median nerve. * Flexor policis longus tendon * Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons (...) * Flexor digitorum profundus tendons (...)

Answer 78

* Roof is formed by the flexor retinaculum (**transverse** carpal ligament) * Carpal tunnel floor formed by carpal bones * The carpal tunnel contains a total of **9** tendons, surrounded by synovial sheaths, and the median nerve. * Flexor policis longus tendon * Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons (**4**) * Flexor digitorum profundus tendons (**4**)

Question 79

_Carpal tunnel and flexor retinaculum_ * Roof is formed by the flexor ... (transverse carpal ligament) * Carpal tunnel floor formed by carpal bones * The carpal tunnel contains a total of 9 tendons, surrounded by ... sheaths, and the median nerve. * Flexor policis longus tendon * Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons (4) * Flexor digitorum profundus tendons (4)

Answer 79

* Roof is formed by the flexor **retinaculum** (transverse carpal ligament) * Carpal tunnel floor formed by carpal bones * The carpal tunnel contains a total of 9 tendons, surrounded by **synovial** sheaths, and the **median** nerve. * Flexor policis longus tendon * Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons (4) * Flexor digitorum profundus tendons (4)

Question 80

_Carpal tunnel and flexor retinaculum_ * Roof is formed by the flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) * Carpal tunnel floor formed by carpal bones * The carpal tunnel contains a total of 9 tendons, surrounded by synovial sheaths, and the .... nerve. * Flexor policis longus tendon * Flexor digitorum ... tendons (4) * Flexor digitorum ... tendons (4)

Answer 80

* Roof is formed by the flexor **retinaculum** (transverse carpal ligament) * Carpal tunnel floor formed by carpal bones * The carpal tunnel contains a total of 9 tendons, surrounded by synovial sheaths, and the **median** nerve. * Flexor policis longus tendon * Flexor digitorum **superficialis** tendons (4) * Flexor digitorum **profundus** tendons (4)

Question 81

_Carpal tunnel and flexor retinaculum_ * Fill in the blanks

Answer 81

Question 82

The carpal tunnel contains a total of 9 tendons, surrounded by synovial sheaths, and the .... nerve.

Answer 82

The carpal tunnel contains a total of 9 tendons, surrounded by synovial sheaths, and the **median** nerve.

Question 83

What nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?

Answer 83

The median nerve

Question 84

_Extensor retinaculum_ * ... side of wrist * Prevents ... of tendons * ... tendons into compartments

Answer 84

* **Posterior** side of wrist * Prevents **bowing** of tendons * **Separates** tendons into compartments

Question 85

_Long tendon insertions_ * Tendons to digits ...-... * Flexor digitorum superficialis - forms a chiasm (crosses Flexor digitorum profundus) before it splits Into middle phalanx * Flexor digitorum profundus - inserts into distal phalanx * Extensor digitorum - as it crosses metacarpophalangeal joint it forms the extensor hood - inserts into middle + distal phalanx

Answer 85

* Tendons to digits **2 – 5** * Flexor digitorum superficialis - forms a chiasm (crosses Flexor digitorum profundus) before it splits Into middle phalanx * Flexor digitorum profundus - inserts into distal phalanx * Extensor digitorum - as it crosses metacarpophalangeal joint it forms the extensor hood - inserts into middle + distal phalanx

Question 86

_Long tendon insertions_ * Tendons to digits ...-... * Flexor digitorum superficialis - forms a chiasm (crosses Flexor digitorum profundus) before it splits Into ... phalanx * Flexor digitorum profundus - inserts into ... phalanx * Extensor digitorum - as it crosses metacarpophalangeal joint it forms the extensor hood - inserts into middle + distal phalanx

Answer 86

* Tendons to digits **2 – 5** * Flexor digitorum superficialis - forms a chiasm (crosses Flexor digitorum profundus) before it splits Into **middle** phalanx * Flexor digitorum profundus - inserts into **distal** phalanx * Extensor digitorum - as it crosses metacarpophalangeal joint it forms the extensor hood - inserts into middle + distal phalanx

Question 87

_Long tendon insertions (forearm)_ * Label the tendons

Answer 87

Question 88

_Cubital fossa_ * Triangle region over anterior elbow: * Lateral border – ... muscle. * Medial border – ... ... muscle. * Superior border – horizontal line drawn between the epicondyles of the humerus. * Floor – brachialis muscle * Contains the radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery and median nerve

Answer 88

* Triangle region over anterior elbow: * Lateral border – **brachioradialis** muscle. * Medial border – **pronator teres** muscle. * Superior border – horizontal line drawn between the epicondyles of the humerus. * Floor – brachialis muscle * Contains the radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery and median nerve

Question 89

_Cubital fossa_ * Triangle region over anterior elbow: * Lateral border – brachioradialis muscle. * Medial border – pronator teres muscle. * Superior border – horizontal line drawn between the ... of the humerus. * Floor – ... muscle * Contains the radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery and median nerve

Answer 89

* Triangle region over anterior elbow: * Lateral border – brachioradialis muscle. * Medial border – pronator teres muscle. * Superior border – horizontal line drawn between the **epicondyles** of the humerus. * Floor – **brachialis** muscle * Contains the radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery and median nerve

Question 90

_Cubital fossa_ * Triangle region over anterior elbow: * Lateral border – brachioradialis muscle. * Medial border – pronator teres muscle. * Superior border – horizontal line drawn between the epicondyles of the humerus. * Floor – brachialis muscle * Contains the ... nerve, ... tendon, ... artery and ... nerve

Answer 90

* Triangle region over anterior elbow: * Lateral border – brachioradialis muscle. * Medial border – pronator teres muscle. * Superior border – horizontal line drawn between the epicondyles of the humerus. * Floor – brachialis muscle * Contains the **radial** nerve, **biceps** tendon, **brachial** artery and **median** nerve

Question 91

_Cubital fossa_ * Triangle region over anterior elbow: * ... border – brachioradialis muscle. * ... border – pronator teres muscle. * ... border – horizontal line drawn between the epicondyles of the humerus. * Floor – brachialis muscle * Contains the radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery and median nerve

Answer 91

* Triangle region over anterior elbow: * **Lateral** border – brachioradialis muscle. * **Medial** border – pronator teres muscle. * **Superior** border – horizontal line drawn between the epicondyles of the humerus. * Floor – brachialis muscle * Contains the radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery and median nerve

Question 92

_Cubital Fossa - Contents_ * The cubital fossa is a passageway for structures to pass between the upper arm and forearm - Its contents are (lateral to medial): * Radial nerve – travels along the lateral border of the cubital fossa and divides into ... and ... branches * Biceps tendon – passes centrally through the cubital fossa and attaches the radial ... (immediately distal to the radial neck). * It gives rise to the bicipital aponeurosis which contributes to the roof of the cubital fossa. * Brachial artery – bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the apex of the cubital fossa * Median nerve – travels medially through the cubital fossa, exiting by passing between the two heads of the pronator teres

Answer 92

* The cubital fossa is a passageway for structures to pass between the upper arm and forearm - Its contents are (lateral to medial): * Radial nerve – travels along the lateral border of the cubital fossa and divides into **superficial** and **deep** branches * Biceps tendon – passes centrally through the cubital fossa and attaches the radial **tuberosity** (immediately distal to the radial neck). * It gives rise to the bicipital aponeurosis which contributes to the roof of the cubital fossa. * Brachial artery – bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the apex of the cubital fossa * Median nerve – travels medially through the cubital fossa, exiting by passing between the two heads of the pronator teres

Question 93

_Cubital Fossa - Contents_ * The cubital fossa is a passageway for structures to pass between the upper arm and forearm - Its contents are (lateral to medial): * Radial nerve – travels along the lateral border of the cubital fossa and divides into superficial and deep branches * Biceps tendon – passes centrally through the cubital fossa and attaches the radial tuberosity (immediately distal to the radial neck). * It gives rise to the bicipital ... which contributes to the roof of the cubital fossa. * Brachial artery – bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the apex of the cubital fossa * Median nerve – travels medially through the cubital fossa, exiting by passing between the two heads of the ... teres

Answer 93

* The cubital fossa is a passageway for structures to pass between the upper arm and forearm - Its contents are (lateral to medial): * Radial nerve – travels along the lateral border of the cubital fossa and divides into superficial and deep branches * Biceps tendon – passes centrally through the cubital fossa and attaches the radial tuberosity (immediately distal to the radial neck). * It gives rise to the bicipital **aponeurosis** which contributes to the roof of the cubital fossa. * Brachial artery – bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the apex of the cubital fossa * Median nerve – travels medially through the cubital fossa, exiting by passing between the two heads of the **pronator** teres

Question 94

_Cubital Fossa - Contents_ * The cubital fossa is a passageway for structures to pass between the upper arm and forearm - Its contents are (lateral to medial): * ... nerve – travels along the lateral border of the cubital fossa and divides into superficial and deep branches * Biceps tendon – passes centrally through the cubital fossa and attaches the radial tuberosity (immediately distal to the radial neck). * It gives rise to the bicipital aponeurosis which contributes to the roof of the cubital fossa. * Brachial artery – bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the apex of the cubital fossa * ... nerve – travels medially through the cubital fossa, exiting by passing between the two heads of the pronator teres

Answer 94

* The cubital fossa is a passageway for structures to pass between the upper arm and forearm - Its contents are (lateral to medial): * **Radial** nerve – travels along the lateral border of the cubital fossa and divides into superficial and deep branches * Biceps tendon – passes centrally through the cubital fossa and attaches the radial tuberosity (immediately distal to the radial neck). * It gives rise to the bicipital aponeurosis which contributes to the roof of the cubital fossa. * Brachial artery – bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries at the apex of the cubital fossa * **Median** nerve – travels medially through the cubital fossa, exiting by passing between the two heads of the pronator teres

Question 95

_Cubital Fossa - Contents_ * The cubital fossa is a passageway for structures to pass between the upper arm and forearm - Its contents are (lateral to medial): * Radial nerve – travels along the lateral border of the cubital fossa and divides into superficial and deep branches * Biceps tendon – passes centrally through the cubital fossa and attaches the radial tuberosity (immediately distal to the radial neck). * It gives rise to the bicipital aponeurosis which contributes to the roof of the cubital fossa. * Brachial artery – bifurcates into the ... and ... arteries at the apex of the cubital fossa * Median nerve – travels medially through the cubital fossa, exiting by passing between the two heads of the pronator teres

Answer 95

* The cubital fossa is a passageway for structures to pass between the upper arm and forearm - Its contents are (lateral to medial): * Radial nerve – travels along the lateral border of the cubital fossa and divides into superficial and deep branches * Biceps tendon – passes centrally through the cubital fossa and attaches the radial tuberosity (immediately distal to the radial neck). * It gives rise to the bicipital aponeurosis which contributes to the roof of the cubital fossa. * Brachial artery – bifurcates into the **radial** and **ulnar** arteries at the apex of the cubital fossa * Median nerve – travels medially through the cubital fossa, exiting by passing between the two heads of the pronator teres

Question 96

Mnemonic for contents of the cubital fossa – Really Need (... ...) Beer To (... ...) Be At (... ...) My Nicest (... ...)

Answer 96

**Mnemonic for contents of the cubital fossa – Really Need (radial nerve) Beer To (biceps tendon) Be At (brachial artery) My Nicest (median nerve).**

Question 97

Mnemonic for contents of the cubital fossa – Really Need (... ...) Beer To (... ...) Be At (... ...) My Nicest (... ...)

Answer 97

**Mnemonic for contents of the cubital fossa – Really Need (radial nerve) Beer To (biceps tendon) Be At (brachial artery) My Nicest (median nerve).**

Question 98

_Contents of cubital fossa_ * Label the diagram

Answer 98

Question 99

The Median cubital vein is important for what?

Answer 99

Important for **venepuncture**

Question 100

What vein do you usually try to take blood from?

Answer 100

median cubital vein

Question 101

The ... ... vein is important for venepuncture

Answer 101

median cubital vein

Question 102

_Arterial supply to the forearm_ * Cubital fossa - ... artery divides into: * Radial artery * Under ... * Ulnar artery * Under ... carpi ulnaris * Gives off common ... * Anastomosis around elbow joint

Answer 102

* Cubital fossa - **Brachial** artery divides into: * Radial artery * Under brachioradialis * Ulnar artery * Under **flexor** carpi ulnaris * Gives off common **interosseous** * Anastomosis around elbow joint

Question 103

_Arterial supply to the forearm_ * Cubital fossa - brachial artery divides into: * ... artery * Under brachioradialis * ... artery * Under flexor carpi ... * Gives off common interosseous * Anastomosis around elbow joint

Answer 103

* Cubital fossa - Brachial artery divides into: * **Radial** artery * Under brachioradialis * **Ulnar** artery * Under flexor carpi **ulnaris** * Gives off common interosseous * Anastomosis around elbow joint

Question 104

The forearm region is thus supplied by two major vessels, the radial artery and ulnar artery. These arteries originate from the ... artery at the apex of the ... ..., with the radial artery descending through the ... part of the forearm and the ulnar artery through the ... part.

Answer 104

The forearm region is thus supplied by two major vessels, the radial arteryand ulnar artery. These arteries originate from the **brachial** artery at the apex of the **cubital** **fossa**, with the radial artery descending through the **lateral** part of the forearm and the ulnar artery through the **medial** part.

Question 105

_Radial artery_ * Giving the radial recurrent artery, palmar carpal branch and superficial carpal branch * Proximally, the artery lies deep to the ... muscle while distally it is only covered by fascia and skin. * At the wrist, the radial artery goes around it laterally and then travels across the floor of the ... ... to the palm of the hand * Deep palmar arch anastomoses with deep ulnar artery

Answer 105

* Giving the radial recurrent artery, palmar carpal branch and superficial carpal branch * Proximally, the artery lies deep to the **brachioradialis** muscle while distally it is only covered by fascia and skin. * At the wrist, the radial artery goes around it laterally and then travels across the floor of the **anatomical snuffbox** to the palm of the hand * Deep palmar arch anastomoses with deep ulnar artery

Question 106

_Ulnar artery_ * Ulnar artery heading ... * Gives off ... ... artery - divides into ... ... artery (Deep) and ... ... artery (Supplies blood to extensor artery) * Sits beside ulnar nerve and under ... ... ulnaris muscle

Answer 106

* Ulnar artery heading **medially** * Gives off **common interosseous** artery - divides into **anterior interosseous** artery (Deep) and **posterior interosseous** artery (Supplies blood to extensor artery) * Sits beside ulnar nerve and under **flexor carpi** ulnaris muscle

Question 107

_Nerve supply to the Forearm_ * ... nerve through cubital fossa * ... nerve popping out from under cubital tunnel * ... nerve under biceps * ... nerve - gives rise to the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm, which innervates the lateral aspect of the forearm (sensory functions)

Answer 107

* **Median** nerve through cubital fossa * **Ulnar** nerve popping out from under cubital tunnel * **Radial** nerve under biceps * **Musculocutaneous** nerve - gives rise to the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm, which innervates the lateral aspect of the forearm (sensory functions)

Question 108

_Median nerve - Forearm_ * Enters forearm - Travels between Flexor digitorum ... and Flexor digitorum ... * Branch - anterior interosseous nerve (to deep flexors) * Supplies all of anterior compartment muscle except flexor carpi ulnaris and medial 2 bellies of flexor digitorum profundus * Then passes through carpal tunnel * Supplies the intrinsic muscles associated with the thumb and lateral side of the hand * Within the hand - supplies lateral palm skin and of digit 1,2,3 and half of 4 * Clinical - median nerve compression = carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 108

* Enters forearm - Travels between Flexor digitorum **superficialis** and Flexor digitorum **profundus** * Branch - anterior interosseous nerve (to deep flexors) * Supplies all of anterior compartment muscle except flexor carpi ulnaris and medial 2 bellies of flexor digitorum profundus * Then passes through carpal tunnel * Supplies the intrinsic muscles associated with the thumb and lateral side of the hand * Within the hand - supplies lateral palm skin and of digit 1,2,3 and half of 4 * Clinical - median nerve compression = carpal tunnel syndrome

Question 109

_Median nerve - Forearm_ * Enters forearm - Travels between Flexor digitorum superficialis and Flexor digitorum profundus * Branch - ... ... nerve (to deep flexors) * Supplies all of anterior compartment muscle except flexor carpi ulnaris and medial 2 bellies of flexor digitorum profundus * Then passes through ... ... * Supplies the intrinsic muscles associated with the thumb and lateral side of the hand * Within the hand - supplies lateral palm skin and of digit 1,2,3 and half of 4 * Clinical - median nerve compression = ... ... ...

Answer 109

* Enters forearm - Travels between Flexor digitorum superficialis and Flexor digitorum profundus * Branch - **anterior interosseous** nerve (to deep flexors) * Supplies all of anterior compartment muscle except flexor carpi ulnaris and medial 2 bellies of flexor digitorum profundus * Then passes through **carpal tunnel** * Supplies the intrinsic muscles associated with the thumb and lateral side of the hand * Within the hand - supplies lateral palm skin and of digit 1,2,3 and half of 4 * Clinical - median nerve compression = **carpal tunnel syndrome**

Question 110

In the hand, the median nerve supplies the skin of what digits?

Answer 110

1,2,3 and half of 4

Question 111

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - What causes it?

Answer 111

Median nerve compression - due to increased pressure in the carpal tunnel - associated with trauma, obesity, pregnancy

Question 112

What is carpal tunnel syndrome associated with? (3 things)

Answer 112

Median nerve compression - due to increased pressure in the carpal tunnel - **associated with trauma, obesity, pregnancy**

Question 113

_Ulnar nerve - Forearm_ * It passes posterior to the elbow through the ... (...) tunnel (small space between the medial epicondyle and olecranon). * Sits between flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus * Giving off branches to Flexor carpi ulnaris and medial part of flexor digitorum profundus * Enters hand on medial side - passing through Guyon's canal * Supplying intrinsic muscles (medial side including 1/2 D4 and D5) * Clinical - Cubital tunnel syndrome - compression of ulnar nerve through the tunnel - radiating pain into little finger and half of D4

Answer 113

* It passes posterior to the elbow through the **cubital (ulnar)** tunnel (small space between the medial epicondyle and olecranon). * Sits between flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus * Giving off branches to Flexor carpi ulnaris and medial part of flexor digitorum profundus * Enters hand on medial side - passing through Guyon's canal * Supplying intrinsic muscles (medial side including 1/2 D4 and D5) * Clinical - Cubital tunnel syndrome - compression of ulnar nerve through the tunnel - radiating pain into little finger and half of D4

Question 114

_Ulnar nerve - Forearm_ * It passes posterior to the elbow through the ... (...) tunnel (small space between the medial epicondyle and olecranon). * Sits between flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus * Giving off branches to Flexor carpi ulnaris and medial part of flexor digitorum profundus * Enters hand on medial side - passing through ... canal * Supplying intrinsic muscles (medial side including digits ...) * Clinical - Cubital tunnel syndrome - compression of ulnar nerve through the tunnel - radiating pain into ...

Answer 114

* It passes posterior to the elbow through the **cubital (ulnar)** tunnel (small space between the medial epicondyle and olecranon). * Sits between flexor carpi ulnaris and flexor digitorum profundus * Giving off branches to Flexor carpi ulnaris and medial part of flexor digitorum profundus * Enters hand on medial side - passing through **Guyon's** canal * Supplying intrinsic muscles (medial side including **1/2 D4 and D5**) * Clinical - Cubital tunnel syndrome - compression of ulnar nerve through the tunnel - radiating pain into **little finger and half of D4**

Question 115

What is Cubital Tunnel Syndrome?

Answer 115

Compression of ulnar nerve through the tunnel - causing radiating pain into little finger and half of D4

Question 116

_Radial nerve - Forearm_ * Enters forearm on lateral side under ... * Divides into two branches: * Superficial branch (...) * Under brachioradialis * Winds round to dorsum of hand * Deep branch - posterior interosseous nerve (...) * Passes through supinator muscle * Enters extensor compartment

Answer 116

* Enters forearm on lateral side under **brachioradialis** * Divides into two branches: * Superficial branch (**Sensory**) * Under brachioradialis * Winds round to dorsum of hand * Deep branch - posterior interosseous nerve (**motor**) * Passes through supinator muscle * Enters extensor compartment

Question 117

_Radial nerve - Forearm_ * Enters forearm on lateral side under ... * Divides into two branches: * Superficial branch (Sensory) * Under brachioradialis * Winds round to ... of hand * Deep branch - posterior interosseous nerve (motor) * Passes through ... muscle * Enters extensor compartment

Answer 117

* Enters forearm on lateral side under **brachioradialis** * Divides into two branches: * Superficial branch (Sensory) * Under brachioradialis * Winds round to **dorsum** of hand * Deep branch - posterior interosseous nerve (motor) * Passes through **supinator** muscle * Enters extensor compartment

Question 118

_Radial nerve - Forearm_ * Enters forearm on lateral side under ... * Divides into two branches: * Superficial branch (Sensory) * Under brachioradialis * Winds round to dorsum of hand * Deep branch - ... ... nerve (motor) * Passes through supinator muscle * Enters ... compartment

Answer 118

* Enters forearm on lateral side under **brachioradialis** * Divides into two branches: * Superficial branch (Sensory) * Under brachioradialis * Winds round to dorsum of hand * Deep branch - **posterior** **interosseous** nerve (motor) * Passes through supinator muscle * Enters **extensor** compartment

Question 119

When the deep branch of the radial nerve penetrates the supinator muscle of the forearm, it is termed the ... ... nerve for the remainder of its course.

Answer 119

When the deep branch of the radial nerve penetrates the supinator muscle of the forearm, it is termed the **posterior interosseous** nerve for the remainder of its course.

Question 120

_Radial Nerve - Forearm innervation_ * Motor: ... branch supplies posterior compartment muscles * Sensory: ... branch supplies dorsolateral aspect of the hand

Answer 120

* Motor: **Deep** branch supplies posterior compartment muscles * Sensory: **Superficial** branch supplies dorsolateral aspect of the hand

Question 121

_Radial Nerve - Forearm innervation_ * Motor: Deep branch supplies ... compartment muscles * Sensory: Superficial branch supplies ... aspect of the hand

Answer 121

* Motor: Deep branch supplies **posterior** compartment muscles * Sensory: Superficial branch supplies **dorsolateral** aspect of the hand

Question 122

What is Wrist Drop? What nerve is involved?

Answer 122

Radial nerve injured (often within arm spiral groove) - affects function of extensor muscles in forearm - hand remains in flexed posture - unable to extend at wrist joint

Question 123

_Cutaneous innervation_ * Label the forearm cutaneous innervation

Answer 123