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Oncology Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Is the smoking prevalence was higher among those living above poverty level or those living below poverty level?

A

below - 10% increase

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2
Q

What healing occurs 20 minutes after last cigarette smoked?

A

Blood Pressure, pulse and temp return to normal

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3
Q

What healing occurs 24 hours after last cigarette smoked?

A

Carbon monoxide levels drop. Oxygen levels increase to normal

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4
Q

What healing occurs 48 hours after last cigarette smoked?

A

Nerve endings repair. Ability to smell and taste is enhanced

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5
Q

What healing occurs 2 Weeks—3 Months

after last cigarette smoked?

A

Circulation improves. Walking becomes easier and lung function improves up to 30%

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6
Q

What healing occurs 4—9 Months after last cigarette smoked?

A

Decrease in Coughing, congestion, fatigue, SOB

Cilia regenerate, improving secretion removal. Energy improves

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7
Q

What healing occurs 1 year after last cigarette smoked?

A

Risk of Coronary Artery Disease is 1/2 that of a smoker

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8
Q

What healing occurs 5 year after last cigarette smoked?

A

Risk of lung cancer and mouth and throat cancer drops to 1/2. Stroke risk lessens

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9
Q

What healing occurs 10 year after last cigarette smoked?

A

Lung cancer death rate equal to non-smoker. Risk of mouth, bladder, throat, kidney and pancreatic cancer decreases.

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10
Q

What healing occurs 15 year after last cigarette smoked?

A

Risk of Coronary Artery Disease equal to a non-smoker

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11
Q

What is commonly seen with newly diagnosed lung cancer with patient’s weight?

A

recent weight loss

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12
Q

What is sputum for cytology looking for?

A

cancer cells in the sputum

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13
Q

What type of lung cancer cell is slower growing, more localized?

A

non-small lung cancer

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14
Q

What kind of lung cancer cell is aggressive, surgery doesn’t usually work because it has spread and goes systemic?

A

small cell lung cancer

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15
Q

How is small cell lung cancer usually treated?

A

chemotherapy

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16
Q

How is non-small cell lung cancer usually treated?

A

with surgery to remove

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17
Q

What type of cancer is radiation used for?

A

local cancer

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18
Q

What type of cancer is chemotherapy used for?

A

systemic cancer

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19
Q

When a patient has pleural effusion, what test is done to make sure the cause isn’t cancer?

A

thorocentesis

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20
Q

What are some nursing diagnosis for pleural effusion?

A

activity intolerance
risk for infection due to chest tube and immunosuppressed,
risk for infective coping or anxiety,
pain due to chest tube

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21
Q

After chest tube placement, what needs to be assess for?

A

resp. status

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22
Q

Once fluid in removed via chest tube, what should you be able to hear?

A

breath sounds all the way down to the waist

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23
Q

What do you need to make sure the chamber connected to a chest tube is doing?

A

tidalling (with breathing) - not bubbling

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24
Q

What needs to be assessed for on the skin around a chest tube?

A

subcutaneous emphysema

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25
What is subcutaneous emphysema?
air under the skin - feels like rice crispies
26
What does stage 4 of colon cancer mean?
it has spread somewhere else
27
Where is the most common place for colon cancer to spread in stage 4?
the liver
28
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for colon cancer?
``` increasing age (90% over 50) hx of breast, ovarian or uterine cancer hx of inestinal polyps IBD (ulcerative colitis) Genetic or familial predisposition ```
29
What is the genetic predisposition of colon cancer?
1 in 4 have a family history
30
What are the modifiable risk factors for Colon Cancer?
High intake of meats/fat Sedentary life Obesity Possibly smokers (smokers are more likely to die of their colon cancer) Drinking more than 4 alcoholic drinks a week
31
When should Colon cancer screening begin?
age 50
32
If a patient uses a Colonoscopy for Colon Cancer screening, how often should it be done?
every 10 years
33
If a patient uses a Sigmoidoscopy for Colon Cancer screening, how often should it be done?
every 5 years
34
If a patient uses a double contrast barium enema for Colon Cancer screening, how often should it be done?
every 5 years
35
If a patient uses a fecal occult blood test for Colon Cancer screening, how often should it be done?
annually
36
What does a colonoscopy examine?
the entire length of the colon
37
What does a sigmoidoscopy examine?
only the lower third length of the colon
38
What needs to be removed to prevent colon cancer?
Polyp
39
What is being studied but not known for sure to help prevent Colon Cancer?
``` Calcium Vitamin D, E NSAIDS Multivitamin with folate Statins Low fat/high fiber diet ```
40
What foods need to be eaten to prevent colon cancer?
vegetables fruits whole grain
41
What foods should be eaten in moderation to prevent colon cancer?
animal fats and meat
42
What lifestyle changes can help prevent colon cancer?
regular exercise and weight control
43
What may be associated with decreased colon cancer risk?
regular use of aspirin or NSAIDS and estrogen replacement therapy used for menopausal symptoms
44
When should men not be screened for prostate cancer?
should not be screened until they have been informed about the uncertainties, risks, and potential benefits of prostate cancer screening
45
When should discussion about screening for prostate cancer take place for a man with average risk?
age 50 and are expected to live at least 10 more years
46
When should discussion about screening take place for men who are at high risk for prostate cancer?
age 45
47
What men are at high risk for prostate cancer?
African American or 1st degree relative with prostate cancer before age 65
48
What are the two screening tools for prostate cancer?
PSA and Digital Rectal Exam
49
Why should men determine whether or not to have screenings for prostate cancer?
unsure how dangerous cancer is, may never cause harm, biopsies and surgery/radiation can cause lots of harm. Have to determine risk vs. benefits
50
What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?
``` Increasing age African American Family history Exposure to fertilizers High dietary fat ```
51
What foods can help prevent prostate cancer?
Lycopenes (tomatoes, watermelon, grapefruit) Increase fruits vegetables, whole grains
52
What foods should be decreased to prevent colon cancer?
decrease red mean and saturated fat in diet
53
How can the majority of skin cancer be prevented?
staying out of the sun between 10:00-2:00
54
What are the general risk factors for skin cancer?
Fair skin Family hx of skin cancer Smoking
55
What is responsible for 20% of all non-melanoma skin cancer?
squamous cell skin cancer
56
What is squamous cell skin cancer usually seen with?
Outdoor occupations | Chronic, cumulative sun exposure
57
Who is squamous cell skin cancer more common in?
3 times more common in men
58
What makes up 75% of all non-melanoma skin cancer?
Basal Cell Skin Cancer
59
Who is Basal Cell Skin Cancer more common in?
chronic cumulative sun exposure | men are 2X more likely than women
60
What are the Melanoma Risk factors?
``` Fair skinned Red or blonde hair Blue eyes Freckling Tanning poorly Sunburning easily Intermittent, intense sunlight; three or more blistering sunburns ```
61
What are some other Melanoma Risk factors?
``` Outdoor summer jobs (> 3 years) Actinic keratoses numerous nevi (moles) Family Hx of melanoma Hx of exposure to suntanning devices ```
62
What are the ABCs of skin cancer?
``` A - asymmetrical B – border irregularity C- Color changes D- Diameter (wider than 6 mm or about the size of a pencil eraser) E - Enlarged or elevated ```
63
What is the #1 cause of cancer deaths in women world-wide?
cervical cancer
64
Why has death rates dramatically decreased over the past 40 years with cervical cancer?
because of Pap Smears
65
What is the best defense against developing cervical carcinoma?
Pap smears
66
What are some risk factors of cervical cancer?
family hx | weakened immune system
67
What can cause a weakened immune system that increases the risk of cervical cancer?
HIV AIDS immune suppressing drugs such as those used to treat organ transplant patients
68
What are the signs and symptoms of Cervical Cancer?
``` Often asymptomatic Abnormal vaginal discharge Low back pain dysparunia dysuria ```
69
What is dysparunia?
Painful sexual intercourse
70
What are some preventable risk factor for Cervical Cancer?
``` Intercourse before age 18 Multiple sexual partners Cigarette smoking Hx of genital warts (STD) multiple pregnancies use of OC ```
71
What causes most cervical cancer?
Human papillomarvirus
72
What causes the virus to act on the cervix to cause cancer?
Smoking Low levels of folate in diet Hx of STDs
73
What can reduce a woman's risk of cervical cancer?
``` Reduce sexual behaviors that can expose a woman to HPV Stop smoking Take a multivitamin with folate Annual Pap smears HPV vaccine ```
74
What is the beginning of the end of cervical cancer?
Controlled Trial of Human Papillomavirus Type-16 Vaccine
75
What does the CDC recommend for all girls and boys ages 11-12?
HPV vaccine Cardisil
76
How many injection does the HPV vaccine require?
3 injections - 1, 3, and 6 months
77
What is the oldest age the HPV vaccine can be given to women?
age 26
78
How much does the HPV vaccine decrease cervical cancer by?
70%
79
How much does the HPV vaccine decrease genital warts by?
90%
80
What does the PSA tumor marker check for?
Prostate Cancer
81
What does the CEA tumor marker check for?
Colon Cancer
82
What does the CA 125 tumor marker check for?
Ovarian Cancer
83
What does the CA 19-9 tumor marker check for?
Pancreatic Cancer
84
What does the T stand for in the staging of cancer?
size of tumor
85
What does the N stand for in staging of cancer?
lymph node invasion manifestation
86
What does the M stand for in the staging of cancer?
distant metastasis manifestation
87
If a patient has colon cancer and its in stage 4 - which means it has masses in the liver, what stage is it?
M1
88
What does T0 (T zero) mean?
no evidence of primary tumor
89
What does N0 (N zero) mean?
no regional lymph node metastasis
90
What does M0 (M zero) mean?
No distant Metastases
91
What does classifying the tumor help determine?
prognosis
92
What is grade 1 Tumor?
Well differentiated (low grade)
93
What is grade 2 Tumor?
Moderately differentiated
94
What is grade 3 Tumor?
Poorly differentiated (high grade)
95
What is grade 4 Tumor?
Undifferentiated (high grade)
96
What is Biotherapy?
boost immune system – aids chemotherapy
97
Do patients usually stay in the hospital if they are having radiation therapy?
no, not unless they are in acute illness
98
What 4 treatments for cancer can patients get all together?
Surgery Chemotherapy Biotherapy Radiation Therapy
99
What is stage 1 clinical trials of Chemotherapy?
animal studies - give rats kidney tumor and then do therapy on them
100
What is phase 2 clinical trials of Chemotherapy?
small dose on humans
101
What is phase 3 clinical trials of Chemotherapy?
if it works on the kidney cancer on those people, then its randomized – if it does as well or better than what’s already out there – then it goes to phase 4.
102
What does adjuvant mean?
means in addition to, so you will do surgery along with chemotherapy
103
What is the criteria for chemotherapy?
know what you are dealing with (what biopsy report is), | adequate nutrition and blood count (if decreased blood count, it could wipe them out)
104
What cells does chemo affect?
both normal and malignant cells
105
What cells will be affected the most with Chemotherapy?
fast producing cells
106
When is N/V acute after Chemo?
within first 24 hours
107
When does delayed N/V occur with chemo?
24 hours or more after
108
What are the risk factors for N/V with chemo?
``` younger prior chemo ETOH or drug use motion sickness anxious pain dehydrated ```
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