Opthamology

Question 1

what can cause cataracts?

Answer 1

age
congenital
toxic/drugs
systemic diseas

Question 2

how are cataracts treated?

Answer 2

phacoemulsification - intra ocular lens, steroid and antibiotic drops

Question 3

what is glaucoma?

Answer 3

optic neuropathy
most common cause of blindness in western world in over 60s
raised intraocular pressure
acute/chronic
vision field defecits
optic disc changes

Question 4

treatment of glaucoma?

Answer 4

drops = decrease aqueous production
laser = raise aqueous drainage
surgery = raise aqueous drainage - trabeculectomy

Question 5

what is ARMD?

Answer 5

age related macular degeneration
degenerative
build up of cellular waste products under the retina - drusen, atrophy - dry, or neurovascularisation - wet

Question 6

treatment of ARMD?

Answer 6

dietary/ vitamin/antimicrobial supplements
activated laser injected drugs
IV injections - anti VEGF drugs, arrests/regresses neovascular process

Question 7

what is diabetic eye disease caused by?

Answer 7

1. glycaemic vessel damage
2. leakage, microaneurysms, haemorrhages
3. Ischaemia
4. neovascularisation
5. neovascular haemorrhage/fibrosis

Question 8

what is blindness at the macula caused by?

Answer 8

leakage, micoaneurysms, haemorrhages

ischaemia

Question 9

what is blindness at the retina caused by?

Answer 9

neovascularisation

Question 10

how to treat diabetic eye disease?

Answer 10

glycaemic control
bp/cholesterol/aspirin
laser
vitrectomy

Question 11

what is blepharitis?

Answer 11

edges of the eyelid are inflammed

Question 12

what is dry eye?

Answer 12

eyes do not produce enough tears or tears evaporate too quickly

Question 13

what is subconjunctival haemorrhage?

Answer 13

bleeding under the conjunctiva

Question 14

what is keratitis?

Answer 14

inflammation of the cornea

Question 15

what is acute glaucoma?

Answer 15

fluid pressure rises too fast

Question 16

what s uveitis?

Answer 16

inflammation of uvea - middle part + iris

Question 17

what is orbital cellulitis?

Answer 17

inflammation of tissues behind the orbital septum

Question 18

what forms can loss of vision present in?

Answer 18

acute/chronic

painful/painless

Question 19

what is acute/painful loss of vision?

Answer 19

keratitis
uveitis
acute glaucoma
optic neuritis
endophthlamitis

Question 20

what is acute/painless loss of vision?

Answer 20

retinal artery occlusion
retinal venous occlusion
ischaemic optic neuropathy 
vitreous haemorrhage
retinal detachment

Question 21

what is chronic painless loss of vision?

Answer 21

refractiv error
cataract
open angle glaucoma
ARMD
diabetic
central disease

Question 22

what is an autoimmune condition affecting the eyes and the mouth?

Answer 22

sjogrens
primary or secondary
affects salivary and lacrimal glands
gritty eyes, adic pupil

Question 23

what kind of mucotaneous ulcers may be seen in the eyes and the mouth?

Answer 23

steven johnsen syndrome
pemphigoid
reiters
behcets
herpes simplex
varicella zoster
SLE
crohns

Question 24

what is Reiger syndrome?

Answer 24

chromosome 4 - epidermal growth factor
hypodontia/microdontia
maxillary hypoplasia
paraumbilical skin tag

Question 25

what is Nance Horan?

Answer 25

``` cataracts teeth abnormalities rare corneal opacity/microcornea nystagmus mental/physical retardation ```

Question 26

what is oculo dental auricular malformation?

Answer 26

``` rare micropthalmia ocular hypoplasia ocular colobomas wide spaced/underdeveloped teeth ```

Question 27

what is oro facial cardio dental syndrome?

Answer 27

``` radioculomegaly malpositioned teeth oligodontia congenital cataract cardiac abnormalities skeletal abnormalities ```

Question 28

what are mucopolysaccharides?

Answer 28

group of inherited disorders - hurlers/hunters widespaced teeth, corneal opacity, pigmentory retinopathy, optic atrophy, macrocephaly coarse, facial features, short stature, hypermobile joints

Question 29

what is stickler syndrome?

Answer 29

collagen disorder abnormal vitreous, myopia, retinal detachment orofacial and dental abnormalities

Question 30

what is marfans?

Answer 30

``` tall thin, arachnodactyly, arm span > height hypermobile, muscular development high arched palate ectopia lentis myopia retinal detachment iris abnormal keratoconus ```

Question 31

what issues may UV lights cause to the eyes?

Answer 31

corneal burning

Question 32

what may anesthesia cause to the eyes?

Answer 32

type VI/VII palsies

Question 33

why might abscesses cause a problem with the eyes?

Answer 33

metastatic infection