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Question 1

what kind of anaemia can cause macrocytic cells?

Answer 1

folate

B12

Question 2

what might a lymphoma patient present with dentally?

Answer 2

atypical infection
bleeding
lymphadenopathy
gum infiltration

Question 3

what are the stages of clot formation?

Answer 3

vasoconstricition
platelet aggregation
coagulation cascade

Question 4

what can cause immune mediated platelet destruction?

Answer 4

portal hypertension

autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

Question 5

what does tranexamic acid do?

Answer 5

inhibits clot breakdown

Question 6

what can increase warfarin activity?

Answer 6

amoxicillin
anti fungals
analgesics

Question 7

what can decrease warfarin activity?

Answer 7

carbamezipine
nystatin
analgesics

Question 8

what are oral signs of coagulopathy?

Answer 8

spontaneous bleeding

Question 9

what is idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura?

Answer 9

autoimmune prolonged bleeding
avoid NSAIDs and aspirin
treat with steroids

Question 10

what is normal platelet count?

Answer 10

150-400x10(power of nine)/litre

Question 11

how does alcohol cause coagulopathy?

Answer 11

bleeding because cirrhosis

thrombocytopenia because bone marrow suppressed

Question 12

what type of anaemia can cause candidiasis?

Answer 12

B12

folate

Question 13

coeliac disease causes what kind of anaemia?

Answer 13

folate

iron

Question 14

what type of xrays can be taken to look at GI system?

Answer 14

plain

contrast using barium swallow

Question 15

what can peptic ulcers cause?

Answer 15

bleeding and perforation

Question 16

how to treat coeliac disease?

Answer 16

osteoporosis prophylaxis

gluten free

Question 17

what are some extraintestinal signs of IBD?

Answer 17

autoimmune hepatitis/arthritis
skin lesions
DVT/PE
ocular inflammation

Question 18

what could be some oral signs of crohns?

Answer 18

poss bronj
ulcers
mucosal tags
cobbletone mucosa
angular chelitis

Question 19

what is SLE?

Answer 19

autoimmune multi system disease
antibodies against nuclear cell components
widespread vascular immune complex deposition

Question 20

what other body systems does SLE affect?

Answer 20

skin - photosensitivity and butterfly rash
joints - small joint arthritis
raynauds
nervous system - neuropathy
heart - valvular/aseptic endocarditis
lungs = effusions
kidney failure

Question 21

what can hyperparathyroidism cause?

Answer 21

hypercalcaemia - malaise/depression
take bloods
tx - poss parathyroidectomy

Question 22

what can pagets disease cause?

Answer 22

bone deformities = enlarged skull/deafness/nerve compression

Question 23

what is osteocalcaemia?

Answer 23

vit d deficiency - no sunlight/poor absorption

diffuse bony pains

Question 24

what are common fractures in osteoporosis?

Answer 24

vertebral
hip
wrist

Question 25

how is osteoporosis treated?

Answer 25

DEXA screening | calcium and vitamin D

Question 26

what is a new medication to treat sjogrens?

Answer 26

pilocaipine 5mg orally/day

Question 27

what is orthana?

Answer 27

spray | gastric mucin, xylitol, NaF

Question 28

what is bioextra?

Answer 28

gel | lactoperoxidase, lactoferrin, xylitol

Question 29

what is in salivix pastills?

Answer 29

malic acid

Question 30

what is the pathophysiology of COPD?

Answer 30

``` emphysema = alveolar destruction bronchitis = airway inflammation, increased mucous, reduced ventilation ```

Question 31

what are some CF symptoms in childhood?

Answer 31

recurrent resp infections malabsorption bowel obstructions pancreatic duct destruction

Question 32

what are some CF symptoms in adulthood?

Answer 32

osteoporosis male infertility diabetes

Question 33

what is hyperthyroidism caused by?

Answer 33

autoimmune toxic adenoma/goitre pituitary driven

Question 34

what is hypothyroidism caused by?

Answer 34

autoimmune iatrogenic iodine deficiency rarely pituitary disease

Question 35

what is cushings disease caused by?

Answer 35

adrenal adeoma carcinoma iatrogenic

Question 36

what can cushings cause?

Answer 36

diabetes high bp infection prone

Question 37

what is addisons disease?

Answer 37

iatrogenic withdrawl hypopituitarism adrenal obstruction

Question 38

what is type 1 diabetes?

Answer 38

pancreatic beta cell destruction

Question 39

what is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 39

insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction

Question 40

what happens normally in a cell with insulin?

Answer 40

insulin binds to receptor, release of glucose transport proteins and glucose enters cell

Question 41

what happens in an insulin resistant cell?

Answer 41

receptor not as responsive, not all glucose enters cell and results in a build up in the blood

Question 42

what should blood glucose be before meals? | after?

Answer 42

4-7

Question 43

what are macrovascular complications of diabetes?

Answer 43

IHD | stroke

Question 44

what are microvascular complications of diabetes?

Answer 44

neuropathy nephropathy retinopathy

Question 45

what does a ketone monitor test? | what is the norm?

Answer 45

beta hydroxybutate | aim 0-8mmol/l

Question 46

what can corticosteroids cause?

Answer 46

hyperglycaemia