Research Processes Final Flashcards
1
Q
what is systematic
A
plan, identify design collect data evaluate
2
Q
what is objective
A
unbiased
3
Q
what is logical
A
examining the procedures allows other to evaluate the conclusions
4
Q
what is empirical
A
data is collected on which conclusions are based
5
Q
what is reductive
A
general relationships are established from the data
6
Q
what is replicable
A
actions are recorded and can be repeated
7
Q
what are the two types of research
A
applied
basic
8
Q
what Is basic research
A
deals with theoretical problems
- uses the lab setting
- carefully controlled conditions
- often uses animal subjects
- produces results that have limited direct applications
9
Q
what is applied research
A
addresses immediate problems
- uses the real-world setting
- limited control over research setting
- uses human participates
- results have direct value to practitioners
10
Q
what are the three levels of the continuum of basic to applied research
A
level 1- basic research
level 2- moderate relevance research
level 3- applied research
11
Q
what is level one research
A
basic research
goal: theory-driven
approach: lab setting
12
Q
what is level two research
A
moderate relevance research
goal: theory based using related skills movements
approach: replicated real-world setting in the lab
13
Q
what is level three research
A
applied research
goal: immediate solutions
approach: real-world settings
14
Q
what are 5 unscientific methods of problem solving
A
tenacity intuition authority the empirical method the rationalistic method
15
Q
what is tenacity
A
clinging to beliefs regardless of the lack of supporting evidence
16
Q
what is intuition
A
beliefs that cannot necessarily be justified
17
Q
what is authority
A
what others (parents, coaches, teachers, peers) tell you to be true
18
Q
what is the empirical method?
A
relying to much on your own experience or data
19
Q
what is rationalistic method
A
deriving knowledge through reasoning
- deductive vs. inductive reasoning
20
Q
what is deductive reasoning?
A
proceeds from general truths to specific truths or conclusion
21
Q
what is inductive reasoning
A
proceeds from specific truths to the general truths
22
Q
what is the fundamental problem with deductive reasoning
A
one has to believe that first statements are true without really knowing if they are in fact true
23
Q
what are the two kinds of inductive methods
A
prefect
imperfect
24
Q
what is perfect inductive method
A
conclusions are based on observations of all members of a population
- typically not possible because pop is too big
25
what is imperfect inductive method
conclusions based on observations of a small sample of the pop
- most research based on imperfect
- forms basis for scientific method
26
what is delimitations
limitations imposed by the researcher in the scope of the study; a choice the researcher make to define a workable research problem
27
what are examples of delimitations
- types of participates [varsity athletes]
- test protocols being administered
- data collected or variables included in analysis
- questions being asked
28
what is limitations
possible shortcomings or influences that either cannot by controlled or is the result of the delimitations imposed by the researcher
29
what are examples of limitations
- test may not fully address research problem being addressed
- data collection errors- body comp calipers everyone testes differently
- uncontrolled variables or factors
- faulty administration of testing procedures questionnaire training program
30
what are assumptions
things you assume to be true but do not test
31
what are examples of assumptions
- testing instruments are accurate
- subjects understood directions
- effort and/or honestly by participates
32
what is the operational definition
a clear, concise detailed definition of a variable that explains exactly how it will be measured
-important to define exact qualifications of measured variable
33
what is a research hypothesis
a tentative explanation or prediction of the eventual outcome of a research problem
34
what are characteristics of a research hypothesis
- relation between at least two variables
- simple, clear statement
- based on theory
- testable
- capable of being refuted
35
what is a directional hypothesis
prediction of a specific result
| - collegiate volleyball player will demonstrate faster reaction times than high school level players
36
what is a non-directional hypothesis
prediction of a difference
| -there will be a different in VO2 mac between collegiate level distance runners who strength train and those who do not
37
what is a null hypothesis
Hâ‚’ is the symbol
- used for statistical testing
- stats that there will be no differences between groups or variables
- IV will have no effect on DV
38
what is hypothesis testing
involves determining the likelihood (probability) that the observed outcome is a result a chance occurrence
-can reject or accept Hâ‚’
39
research proposal should be written in _____ tense
future
40
what is the maxicon principle
- max true variance ( the odds that the real relationship will be found)
- min error variance( reduce all the mistakes that cold creep into a study to disguise the true relationship)
- control extraneous variance (make sure the rival hypotheses are the real explanation of the relationship)
41
what is variance
the variability of a measurement
42
what are the three questions to asking when recruiting participants
1. are participants with special characteristics necessary for your research?
2. can you obtain the necessary permission and cooperation from your participants
3. can you find enough participants
43
what is a population
entire group of people or elements of interests having one or more common characteristics
44
what is the element
basic unit from which the data is collected
45
what is the sample
a subgroup of the population from which the data will be collected
46
what is population validity
the extent to which the results from the sample can be generalized the to the population
47
what are the two types of sampling methods
probability sampling
| non-probability sampling
48
what is probability sampling
probability of selecting each participant is known
| -random process(es) are used to select participants
49
what is non-probability sampling
probability of selecting each participants is not known
| -participants are not randomly selected
50
what is sampling error
the extent to which sample values deviate from those that would be obtained from the entire population
-how different is sample from population; ideally no difference
51
what is normal distribution
- bell-shaped curve
- mean value is the middle (mean)
- most individual values close to mean
- number of individuals fall off rapidly towards the extreme values
52
what is simple random sampling
- everyone individual has equal chance of being selected
- selection of one person does not interfere without anyone else
- considered biased free (entirely based on chance)
53
what is the fishbowl technique
names of everyone in pop are put in a hate and sample is drawn
54
what is the random number table
assign numbers to members of pop use table to determine which members will be selected for sample
55
what is stratified random sampling
divide pop into various subgroups based on characteristic important to study, research participants randomly selected from each subgroup
56
what is systematic sampling
sample is drawn from very kth participant from a lost of pop
- if list random, systematic is okay
- if list is not random- slight biased
57
what is multistage sampling
successive random selection of smaller groups (samples) within larger groups
-ex. studying injury rate sin hockey players in Ontario
58
what are the 5 probability sampling techniques
```
simple random sampling
procedure to obtain random sample
stratified random sample
systematic sampling
multistage sampling
```
59
what are the 4 non-probability sampling
purposive sampling
convenience sampling
snowball sampling
extreme cases
60
what is purposive sampling
- researcher knows a specific characteristic exists in population
- participant selected who possess the characteristic
- used in many disciplines in kin
- ex. intact groups or teams
61
what is convenience sampling
- selection of participants because they are accessible and convenient to the researcher
- ex. volunteers, students
62
what is snowball sampling
-initial participants are recruited, who in turn identify additional potential participants
63
what is extreme cases
-participants are recruited because the are extreme examples of some characteristic
64
what is sample size
number of participants selected as a sample for a research study
65
what is the key factor of sample size
whether or not sample is representative of the population
66
what are the 3 factors that influence sample size
1. use of statistical tests to analyse the data
2. type of research approach being used
3. method used to recruit participants
67
what are the three characteristics that instruments must have?
objectivity
reliability
validity
68
what is reliability
consistent each time the instrument is used
69
what is validity
instrument measures what it is suppose to measure
70
what are the three ways data can be collected
measurement techniques
observation techniques
questioning techniques
71
what are three types of measuring techniques
physical measures
cognitive measures
affective measures
72
what are physical measures
- direct and/or indirect measurements of a participant
| - many examples in kin- biomechanics, physiology, motor control
73
what are cognitive measures
-knowledgeable acquisitions- tests/exams in education rules tests certification test
74
what are affective measures
measurement of feelings/emotions, opinions, attitudes, personality, motivation
75
what are the two observation techniques
direct observation
| indirect observation
76
what is direct observations
- participant know they are being observed and why
| - observers id present during observation, may influence results
77
what is indirect observations
- participants are observed with or without their knowledge
- video often used
- less risk of observer influence
78
what are the 4 common scaling techniques
rating scale
semantic differential scale
rank order scale
likert scale
79
what is ranking scale
- individual items are judged on a single dimension and scored on a linear scale or continuum
- a numerical or verbal point on the scale is selected that corresponds to their impression of the item
80
what are the two types of ranking scale
numerical scale
| verbal scale
81
what is the numerical scale
how important to you is each of the issues listed below
82
what is verbal rating scale
team performance-common goals (no, moderate importance, greatest importance)
83
what is semantic differential scale
scale method designed for measuring ones 'image' of a selected topic or concept
place an x on the line below
84
what is rank order scale
items are ranked usually in terms of preference of importance, relative to each other
forced ranking
85
what is likert scale
a scaling technique which measures the respondent's degree of agreement or disagreement on an issue, opinion or particular belief
'strongly agree, agree....
86
what are the 7 questioning techniques
1. structured questionnaire
2. unstructured questionnaire
3. checklist
4. structured interview
5. unstructured interview
6. focus group interview
7. Delphi technique
87
what is Delphi technique
- question method used to get consensus from a defined group on a specific topic
- individuals responds to questions
- individuals then revise their positions based on group trends/results
- revision continue until group consensus is formed
88
what are the 4 types of validity
local validity/ face validity
content validity
criterion validity
construct validity
89
what is local validity/face validity
- the degree to which a test or instrument obviously involves the performance being measured
- determined subjectively
90
what is content validity
the degree to which a test adequately sample what is covered in a course (education setting)
91
what is criterion validity
the degree to which scores on a test are related to some recognized standard or criterion
92
what are the two types of criterion validity
concurrent validity
| predictive validity
93
what is concurrent validity
a measuring instrument us correlated with some criterion instrument that is administered concurrently or at about the same time
94
what is predictive validity
the degree to which scores of predictor variables can accurately predict criterion scores
95
what is construct validity
the degree to which a test measures a hypothetical construct
96
what is construct
abstract concept that cannot be directly measured or observed
example: anxiety
97
what is a subtype of construct validity
known group validity
98
what is group validity
the test scores of groups that should differ on a trait or ability are compared to determine if they are, in fact different
99
what are the two types of reliability
test retest reliability
| inter-rater reliability
100
what is inter-rater reliability
a measure of the consistent of scores of measurements when different individuals conduct the same test
101
what are four sources of measurement error
participant
testing
scoring
instrumentation
102
what are the three criteria that must be present for experimental research
1. the cause must precede the effect in times
2. the cause and effect must be correlated with each other
3. the correlation between cause and effect cannot be explained by another variable
103
in experimental research there are two types of validity
internal validity
| external validity
104
what is internal validity
validity of the findings within or internal to the research study; the technique soundness of a study; the technical soundness of a study, particularly concerned with the control of extraneous influences that might effect the outcome
105
what is external validity
the degree to which the findings can be inferred to the population of interest or to other populations or settings; the generalizability of the results
106
what are 9 threats to internal validity
```
history
maturation
testing
instrumentation
statistical regression
selection bases
experimental mortality
selection-maturation interaction
expectancy
```
107
what are 4 threats to external validity
reaction or interaction effects of testing
interaction of selection biases and treatment
reactive affects of experimental arrangements
multiple-treatment interference
108
what are three controlling threats to internal validity
randomization
placebos
blinding
109
what are the uncontrolled threats to internal validity
reactive effective testing
instrumentation
experimental mortality
110
what is reactive effect testing
can be controlled by eliminating the pretest
111
what is the controlled threats to external validity
external validity cab be controlled by selecting participants, treatments, experimental situations and tests to represent some larger population
112
what are the three types od design
1. pre-experimental
2. true experimental
3. quasi-experimental
113
what is pre-experimental
does not randomly assign participants to groups; control few sources of invalidity
114
what is true experimental
groups are randomly assigned; controls most sources of invalidity
115
what is quasi-experimental
experimenter trues to for design to real-world setting while still controlling as many threats to internal validity as possible
116
what 6 types of descriptive research
```
survey
case study
developmental research
normative research
correlation research
observational research
```
117
what is a survey
determines views, opinion, or practices of a group through interviews or questionnaires
118
what three types of case studies are there
descriptive studies
interpretive studies
evaluative studies
119
what is a case study
studying a single case in depth to reach a greater understanding about a phenomenon or other similar causes
120
what is descriptive studies
provides detailed information about the topic of interest vou does not attempt to test a build theoretical model
121
what is interpretive studies
the focus is to interpret the data to conceptualize the information and theorize about the topic of interest
122
what is evaluative studies
evaluate the merit of some practice, program, movement or event
123
what is developmental research
study of the changes in behaviour across years
124
what are the two approaches of developmental research
longitudinal
| cross sectional
125
what is normative research
normative research develops the performances standards which are based on large representative sample of the population
126
what are the two types of normative research
norm referenced
| criterion referenced
127
what is norm referenced
rank order individuals from the best to worst in percentile ranks
128
what is criterion referenced
min proficiency or pass/fail standards
129
what is correlational research
determines if relations exist between two variables
130
what is observational research
research in which the data are the observations made of people or situations
data collection and analysis are time consuming
131
what are the four survey methods
phone interview
personal interview
administers questionnaires
distributed questionnaires
132
what is an administered questionnaire
questionnaire is give to participants at one time or to several groups at different times (in class, team)
133
what is a distributed questionnaire
used when sample is spread over a large geographic area, through mail
134
what are three questionnaire designs
open-ended
completion
multiple choice (close ended)
135
what are the 7 characteristics of qualitative research
1. natural setting
2. researcher as an instrument
3. emergent approach
4. interpretive approach
5 a holistic view
6 reflexivity and subjectivity
7 use of inductive analysis
136
competency is established through:
credibility
transferability
dependability
conformability
137
what is credibility
achieved when participants and setting are observed accurately (Internal validity)
138
what is transferability
whether the results can be transferred to other setting (external validity)
139
what is dependability
the quality of the data; how well the researcher deals with change (reliability)
140
what is conformability
data is collected without bias (objectivity)
141
researchers assign meaning to data with [3]
analytic narrative
narrative vignette
using quotes and examples to support ideas
142
one or more of the following will be used when analyzing data
triangulation
negative case checking
member checking
peer debriefing
143
what are the four types of qualitative research
phenomenological research
grounded theory
case study
ethnographical research
144
what is phenomenological research
the study of phenomena. it is a way of describing something that exists as part of the world in which we live. will not necessarily proved definite explanations
145
what is grounded theory
involves the development of new theory through the collection and analysis of data about a phenomenon
146
what is a case study
an in-depth analysis of single event, activity, process or individual
provides an intensive holistic understanding of a single unit
147
what is ethnographical research
ethnography means 'portrait of a people' it is a methodology for descriptive studying of cultures and people. the cultural parameter is that people under investigation have something in common: (geographical, religious, tribal, shared experiences )
148
what is effect size
an estimate of the practice difference between the mean values of two groups; it is the standard unit of measure used in a meta-analysis
149
what is epidemiological research
examines the distribution and determinates of health related states in specific populations and the application of this study to the control of health problems
150
what are the three components of epidemiological research
distribution
determinants
application
151
what are the 4 types of epidemiological designs
cross sectional research
ecological research
cohort studies (prospective studies)
case-control studies
152
what is cohort studies
a group is observed over a period of time, often many years
153
what is ecological research
uses existing data sources for both exposure and disease outcomes to examine rates of disease by specific characteristics of an entire population
