The Spine Flashcards by Jessica Bond

How many vertebrae in the spine?

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What are the 4 sections of the spine?

cervical (7)
thoracic (12)
lumbar (5)
saccrum (5) and coccyx (4) -fused

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Cervical curve

Lordosis

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Thoracic curve

Kyphosis

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Lumbar curve

Lordosis

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Movements of the spine (3)

flexion/ extension
right and left lateral flexion
right and left lateral rotation

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Where is there minimal movement in the spine?

Thoracic region

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2 components of the intervertebral discs

annulus fibrosus

- nucleus pulposus

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Annulus fibrosus

Thick and durable outer ring

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Nucleus pulposus

Gel like inner bubble

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What happens if damage occurs to the annulus fibrosus?

The nucleus pulposus can herniate out through the tear

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Prevention of injuries to the cervical spine

muscle strengthening
ROM
using correct techniques

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Why is it important to strengthen muscles in the cervical spine?

Muscles in the neck resist hyper flexion and hyperextension and rotational forces

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Why is it important to have ROM in the cervical spine?

Must have full ROM to prevent injury

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How can ROM in cervical spine be improved?

Stretching

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Using correct techniques (cervical spine)

athletes should be taught correct technique to reduce the likelihood of cervical spine injuries
axial loading

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Prevention of injury in the lumbar spine

avoid stress

- correction of bio mechanical abnormalities

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How to avoid stress of the lumbar spine

avoid unnecessary stresses and strains of daily living
avoid postures and positions that can cause injury
use correct lifting techniques

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Correction of biomechanics abnormalities

ATC should establish corrective programs based on patients anomalies
maintain trunk flexibility
core stabilization and abdominal bracing

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Cervical muscles strain history

sudden or forced movement

- pain is localized

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Observation of cervical muscle strain

-decreased ROM

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Palpation of cervical muscle strain

muscle guarding

- point tender

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Treatment of cervical muscle strain

RICE
cervical collar
treat pain
ROM exercises
muscle strengthening

Cervical fractures vertebrae

4-6th

Who is most at risks for cervical fractures

Sports

What is a common cause of cervical fracture?

Axial loading

Symptoms of cervical fracture

- point tender - decreased movement - pain - numbness and tingling - weak or paralyzed limbs

Treatment of cervical fracture

- spine boards - x-ray - possible CPR

Cervical dislocation MOI

Flexion and rotation

Symptoms of cervical dislocation

Similar to fracture

What should you be aware of with cervical dislocation?

Risk of spinal cord injury

Treatment of cervical dislocation

Similar to fracture

What is another name for a cervical sprain?

Whiplash

What is the difference in MOI between sprain and strain?

Sprain is usually same MOI but more violent

What does a cervical sprain involve?

-snapping of the head and neck, compromising the anterior or posterior longitudinal ligament, the inerspinous ligament, and the supraspinous ligament

Symptoms of whiplash

- similar symptoms of a strain but the last longer | - tenderness over the transverse and spinous processes

When dies pain usually begin with whiplash?

-the day after the trauma as a result of muscle spasm

Management of whiplash

- rule out fracture, dislocation, disk injury, or cord injury - RICE for 48-72 hours, possibly bed rest - NSAIDs - mechanical traction

What is the most common cervical injury?

Brachial plexus injuries (burners and stinger)

MOI of burners and stingers

Sudden stretch of neck

Symptoms of burners and stingers

Burning, numbness, tingling, pain, weakness in arms

Treatment of burners and stingers

Usually resolves quickly

How to prevent burners and stingers

- stretch and strengthen | - pads and collars to limit

Facet joint disfunction

Insidious, pain over facet and muscles

What causes facet joint dysfunction

Extension, rotation, lateral bending to involved side

Observation of facet joint dysfunction

May alter posture to decrease pain

Palpation of facet joint dysfunction

Muscle spasms

Special test for facet joint dysfunction

Pain and ROM

What cause a lumbar strain?

Forward bending and twisting or chronic or repetitive

Symptoms of lumbar strain

- localized pain lateral to spinous process - pain becomes sharper w/ certain movements or postures - passive anteroposterior or rotational movements will increase pain

Management of lumbar strain

- RICE - joint mobs - strengthening abdominal muscles - stretching - trunk stabilization exercises - braces should be worn early to provide support

Sacroiliac dysfunction pain

Pain over one or both SI joints and may radiate

MOI of sacroiliac dysfunction

None, soft tissue stresses (?)

Observation of sacroiliac dysfunction

Pelvic symmetry

Palpation of sacroiliac dysfunction

Pain over pelvis

Special tests for sacroiliac dysfunction

ROM increased pain

Acute or insidious (sacroiliac dysfunction)

Either