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OCT 720 > Chapter 2 (Muscles of the Back) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (Muscles of the Back) Flashcards

1
Q

Two major groups of muscles in the back

A
  • Extrinsic back muscles

- Intrinsic (deep) back muscles

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2
Q

What do extrinsic back muscles do?

A

Produce and control limb and respiratory movements

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3
Q

Intrinsic (deep) back muscles act specifically on…

A

the vertebral column to produce movements and maintain posture

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4
Q

The _________ are the main nerve supply for all intrinsic back muscle.

A

posterior rami of spinal nerves

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5
Q

Extrinsic back muscles groups

A
  • Superficial group

- Intermediate group

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6
Q

(Extrinsic back muscles)

Superficial group contains

A

Containing the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, and rhomboid muscles. Although located in the back, these muscles mostly produce and control upper limb movements

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7
Q

(Extrinsic back muscles)

Intermediate group contains

A

Containing serratus posterior and inferior muscles, mainly acting as respiratory and proprioceptive muscles

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8
Q

What does the superficial layer of intrinsic back muscles contain and what do they do?

A
  • Contain the splenius muscle group (splenius cervicis and captitis)
  • Help recover and hold deep neck muscles
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9
Q

What is the intermediate layer of intrinsic back muscles considered and what do they serve?

A
  • Considered the “long muscles” of the back, containing the large erector spinae muscles
  • Lie on each side of the vertebral column between the spinous processes (medially) and angles of the ribs (laterally)
  • Serve as the chief extensors of the vertebral column, acting bilaterally to straighten a flexed trunk
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10
Q

The intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles are divided into 3 columns:

A

(from lateral to medial) iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis

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11
Q

Deep layer of the intrinsic back muscles

A
  • Smaller group of muscles compared to the erector spinae
  • All originate along the transverse processes of the vertebrae and attach to the spinous processes of more superior vertebrae
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12
Q

Suboccipital region is a muscle compartment…

A

deep in the semispinalis capitis muscles

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13
Q

(Suboccipital region)

Consists of two ________ (major and minor) and two _______ (superior and inferior) muscles

A

Rectus capitis posterior; obliquus capitis

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14
Q

(Suboccipital region) ________, but may also act both directly and indirectly on the atlanto-occipital joint to produce movement of the head

A

Mainly postural muscles

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15
Q

(Suboccipital region)

Extension:

A

Rectus capitis posterior major/minor, obliquus capitis superior

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16
Q

(Suboccipital region)

Lateral flexion:

A

Obliquus capitis superior

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17
Q

(Suboccipital region)

Rotation:

A

Rectus capitis posterior major/minor, Obliquus capitis inferior

18
Q

(Suboccipital region)

All four muscles are innervated by the …

A

Suboccipital nerve (C1)

19
Q

(Boundaries and contents of the suboccipital triangle)

Superomedially:

A

Rectus capitis posterior major

20
Q

(Boundaries and contents of the suboccipital triangle)

Superolaterally:

A

Obliquus capitis superior

21
Q

(Boundaries and contents of the suboccipital triangle)

Inferolaterally:

A

Obliquus capitis inferor

22
Q

(Boundaries and contents of the suboccipital triangle)

Floor:

A

Posterior atlanto-occipital membrane and posterior arch of atlas

23
Q

(Boundaries and contents of the suboccipital triangle)

Roof:

A

Semispinalis capitis

24
Q

Contents of the suboccipital triangle

A
  • Posterior arch of atlas
  • Vertebral artery
  • Suboccipital nerve (C1)
25
Q

Back SPRAIN is an injury involving

A

only ligamentous tissue or the attachment of ligament to the bone without dislocation or fracture

26
Q

What causes back SPRAIN and how can it be prevented?

A

Excessive extension or rotation and wrong posture while lifting objects.

This can be avoided by keeping the back as straight as possible and by using the muscles of buttocks and lower limbs to assist in lifting

27
Q

Back STRAIN is an injury from

A

Overly strong muscular contraction, causing some degree of stretching or micro-tearing of muscle fibers. The erector spinae muscles are commonly affected.

28
Q

Spasm

A

A sudden involuntary contraction/movement of one or muscle groups. As a protective measure, muscles go into spasm after an injury or in response to inflammation.

29
Q

Trapezius: Proximal (origin), distal (insertion), innervation, muscle action

A
  • Proximal (origin): Spinous processes C7-T12 vertebrae
  • Distal (insertion): Acromion and spine of scapula
  • Innervation: Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) and C3, C4 spinal nerves
  • Muscle Action: Descending part elevates, ascending part depresses, and middle part retracts scapula
30
Q

Latissimus dorsi: Proximal (origin), distal (insertion), innervation, muscle action

A
  • Proximal (origin): Spinous processes, iliac crest, and inferior ribs
  • Distal (insertion): Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
  • Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve
  • Muscle action: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus
31
Q

Levator Scapulae: Proximal (origin), distal (insertion), innervation, muscle action

A
  • Proximal (origin): Posterior tubercle of transverse processes of vertebrae
  • Distal (insertion): Medial border of scapula superior to root of scapular spine
  • Innervation: Dorsal scapular and cervical nerves
  • Muscle action: Elevates and rotates its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula
32
Q

Rhomboid MINOR: Proximal (origin), distal (insertion), innervation, muscle action

A
  • Proximal (origin): Nuchal ligament, spinous processes
  • Distal (insertion): Smooth triangular area at medial end of scapular spine
  • Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve
  • Muscle action: Retract scapula and rotate its glenoid cavity inferiorly; fix scapula to thoracic wall
33
Q

Rhomboid MAJOR: Proximal (origin), distal (insertion), innervation, muscle action

A
  • Proximal (origin): Spinous processes of vertebrae
  • Distal (insertion): Medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior angle
  • Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve
  • Retract scapula and rotate its glenoid cavity inferiorly; fix scapula to thoracic wall
34
Q

Serratus posterior SUPERIOR: Superior attachment, inferior attachment, innervation, main action

A
  • Superior: Nuchal ligament, spinous processes of vertebrae
  • Inferior: Superior borders of ribs
  • Intercostal nerves
  • Main action: Proprioception (elevates ribs)
35
Q

Serratus posterior INFERIOR: Superior attachment, inferior attachment, innervation, main action

A
  • Superior: Spinous processes of vertebrae
  • Inferior: Inferior borders of ribs near their angles
  • Innervation: Anterior rami to thoracic spinal nerves
  • Main action: Proprioception (depress ribs)
36
Q

Splenius: Proximal (origin), distal (insertion), innervation, muscle action

A
  • Proximal (origin): Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of vertebrae
  • Distal (insertion): Splenius capitis: fibers fun superolateral to mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral third of superior nuchal line of occipital bone; Splenius cervicis: tutbercles of transverse processes of vertebrae
  • Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves
  • Main action: Acting unilaterally: latterally flex the neck and rotate the head to side of active muscle; acting bilaterally: extend the head and neck
37
Q

Erector Spinae (Iliocostatlis, longissimus, spinalis) Proximal (origin), distal (insertion), innervation, muscle action

A
  • Proximal (origin): Arises by a broad tendon from the posterior part of the iliac crest, posterior surface of the sacrum
  • Distal: Iliocostalis - Lumborum, thoracis cervicis, lower ribs and transverse processes; Longisssimus - thoracis, cervicis capitis, mastoid process of termporal bone; Spinalis - thoracis, cervicis capittis, upper thoracic region and to cranium
  • Innervation: Posterior rami of spinal nerves
  • Main actions: Acting bilaterally - extend vertebral column and head; Acting unilaterally - laterally flex vertebral column
38
Q

Rectus capitis posterior MAJOR: Origin and insertion

A
  • Origin: spinous process of vertebra C2

- Insertion: Lateral inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

39
Q

Rectus capitis posterior MINOR: Origin and insertion

A
  • Origin: Posterior tubercle of posterior arch of vertebra C1 (atlas)
  • Insertion: Medial part of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
40
Q

Obliquus capitis INFERIOR: Origin and insertion

A
  • Origin: Posterior tubercle of posterior arch of vertetbra C2 (axis)
  • Insertion: Transverse process of vertetbra C1 (atlas)
41
Q

Obliquus capitis SUPERIOR: Origin and insertion

A
  • Origin: Transverse process of vertebra C1

- Insertion: Occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines

OCT 720 (73 decks)

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