Chapter 1 (Circulatory System: Cardiovascular and Lymphatic)

Question 1

Cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Blood transportation network made by the heart

Question 2

Blood carries…

Answer 2

nutrients, oxygen, and waste products to and from the cells

Question 3

The heart consists of two muscular pumps that are divided into two circulations:

Answer 3

• Pulmonary: right ventricle > lungs > left atrium

- Systemic: left ventricle > body > right atrium

Question 4

Types of main blood vessels:

Answer 4

• Arteries
• Veins
• Capillaries

Question 5

Describe blood flow

Answer 5

Blood leaves the heart and is distributed throughout the body by branching system of ARTERIES.
Blood transports to smaller vessels, ARTERIOLES.
Oxygen rich blood is then delivered to CAPILLARIES/CAPILLARY BEDS to exchange oxygen, nutrients, and waste products with extracellular fluid.
Blood from the capillary bed passes into thin VENULES, which drain further into small and large veins, finally returning low-oxygen blood back to the heart.

Question 6

Arteries

Answer 6

Carry blood under high pressure from the heart and distribute it to the body

Question 7

Three types of arteries:

Answer 7

• Large elastic arteries
• Medium muscular arteries
• Small arteries and arterioles

Question 8

Large elastic arteries

Answer 8

• Conducting arteries
• Initially recieve cardiac output from the heart
• Minimizes the amount of blood pressure as the heart contracts and relaxes

Question 9

Medium muscular arteries

Answer 9

• Distributing arteries
• Walls consist of circular smooth muscle fibers
• Able to vasoconstrict to help propel and distribute blood to various parts of the body

Question 10

Small arteries and arterioles

Answer 10

• Narrow lumina and thick muscular wands
• Degree of filling capillary beds and level of arterial pressure is regulated by the firmness of the arteriolar walls
• Hypertension/high blood pressure may be a result of a higher degree of firmness than normal

Question 11

(Veins)

Return ______ blood from capillary beds to the heart

Answer 11

Low-oxygen

Question 12

(Veins)

Large pulmonary veins are ________ from the lungs to the heart

Answer 12

an exception, carrying oxygen-rich blood

Question 13

(Veins)

______ pressure in the venous system compared to the arterial system.

Answer 13

Lower

Question 14

(Veins)

Veins have ______ than those of arteries

Answer 14

Thinner walls

Question 15

Three sizes of veins

Answer 15

• Venules
• Medium veins
• Large veins

Question 16

Venules

Answer 16

• Smallest vein

- Feed into larger venous plexuses (networks of veins)

Question 17

Medium veins

Answer 17

• Accompany medium arteries
• Contain venous valves in locations where the flow of blood opposes gravity to maintain the unidirectional flow (toward the heart, but not in reverse direction)

Question 18

Large veins

Answer 18

• Consists of longitudinal smooth muscle and well developed outer layer
• Examples include the superior and inferior vena cava

Question 19

Veins are _____ than arteries

Answer 19

more abundant

Question 20

Despite having thinner walls, veins have ______ than arteries

Answer 20

larger diameters

Question 21

(Veins)

Larger diameters…

Answer 21

• Allow for large capacity for expansion

- Contains 80% of blood volume in the circuit of arteries and veins

Question 22

Accompanying veins

Answer 22

Veins that accompany/surround deep arteries in an irregular branching network

Question 23

What do accompanying veins do?

Answer 23

• Surrounded by a vascular sheath
• As the artery expands during contraction of the heart, the veins are stretched and flattened, driving venous blood toward the heart

Question 24

Anastamoses

Answer 24

Communications between multiple branches of arteries or veins. Occur more often between veins than arteries

Question 25

(Anastomoses)

Provide _______ in case of the normal pathway is obstructed.

Answer 25

potential detours for blood flow

Question 26

What happens if a main channel is obstructed?

Answer 26

If a main channel is obstructed, smaller alternative channels can increase in size over a period of time (collateral circulation) and provide an alternate pathway to ensure blood supply to structures distal to the blockage

Question 27

Arteries that do not anastomose with adjacent arteries

Answer 27

are true anatomic arteries.

Occlusion of a terminal artery will interrupt the blood supply to the structure or segment of an organ it supplies

Question 28

(Blood Capillaries)
Endothelial tubes connecting the arterial and venous sides of the circulation, allowing the exchange of materials with the ____

Answer 28

extracellular fluid (ECF)

Question 29

Blood capillaries are arranged in

Answer 29

capillary beds that connect the arterioles and venules

Question 30

(Blood capillaries)

Upstream:

Answer 30

Hydrostatic pressure in arterioles force blood through the capillary bed, forcing fluid rich oxygen and nutrients into the extracellular space

Question 31

(Blood capillaries)

Downstream:

Answer 31

At the venous end of the capillary bed, ECF containing waste products and CO2 is reabsorbed into the blood

Question 32

Arteriosclerosis is characterized by

Answer 32

thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls

Question 33

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 33

A result of a buildup of fat in the arterial walls

Question 34

The narrowing and surface irregularity may result in the formation of a ____-

Answer 34

thrombus/clot

Question 35

The resulting _____ may occlude the artery or be flushed into the blood stream and block smaller vessels as a embolus (plus occluding a vessel)

Answer 35

Thrombus

Question 36

Consequences may include ______ and ______

Answer 36

Ischemia (reduction in blood supply); infarction (necrosis of an area of tissue form reduced blood supply)

Question 37

Significant in what heart condition?

Answer 37

Myocardial infarctions (heart attack) and stroke