Chapter 1 (Articular System: Types of Joints)

Question 1

What are joints?

Answer 1

Any union between two or more bones on rigid parts of the skeleton

Question 2

Types of joints

Answer 2

• Synovial
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous

Question 3

Where do joints receive their blood supply?

Answer 3

Recieve blood supply from articualr arteries that form networks and are drained by articualr veins from synovial membrane. Both arteries and veins can be found mostly in the synovial membrane.

Question 4

What role do joints play in proprioception?

Answer 4

Richly innervated by articular nerves that transmit the sensation of proprioception.

Question 5

Synovial Joints

Answer 5

• Most common type of joint
• Provides free movement between adjoining bones
• Typical of nearly all limb joints
• Reinforced by accesory ligaments

Question 6

Synovial joints may include other distinguishing features:

Answer 6

• Articular disc

- Meniscus

Question 7

(Types of Synovial Joints)

Plane Joints:

Answer 7

• Gliding/sliding movements
• Numerous and small
• Joints of the wrist and ankle

Question 8

(Types of Synovial Joints)

Hinge Joints:

Answer 8

• Flexion/extension ONLY
• Uniaxial joint (occurs in single plane – sagittal)
• Elbow and knee joints

Question 9

(Types of Synovial Joints)

Saddle Joints:

Answer 9

• Abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, circumduction
• Biaxial joint (occurs in two planes, sagittal and frontal)
• Carpometacarpal (CMC) joint of thumb, sternoclavicualr joint

Question 10

(Types of Synovial Joints)

Condyloid Joints:

Answer 10

• Abduction, adduction, flexion, extension
• Biaxial joint (greater freedom of movement sagittal than frontal plane)
• Metacarpophanlangeal (MCP) joints/ knuckle joints

Question 11

(Types of Synovial Joints)

Ball and Socket Joints:

Answer 11

• Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction
• Multiaxial joint (highly mobile, multiple axes and planes
• Joints of big and shoulder

Question 12

(Types of Synovial Joints)

Pivot Joints:

Answer 12

• Rotation around a central axis, supination/pronation
• Uniaxial
• Atlanto-axial (C1/C2 vertebra) joint for rotation of the neck; proximal and distal radioulnar joints

Question 13

Fibrous Joints

Answer 13

Articulating bones united by fibrous tissue

Question 14

(Fibrous Joints)

Amount of movement…

Answer 14

varies on length of the fibers uniting the articulating bones

Question 15

Examples of fibrous joints:

Answer 15

• Sutures
• Syndesmosis
• Gomphosis (dento-alveolar syndesmosis)

Question 16

Cartilagnious Joints

Answer 16

United by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

Question 17

(Cartilaginous Joints)

Synchondroses:

Answer 17

PRIMARY cartilaginous joints.

• United by hyaline cartilage, allowing slight bending during early life
• Temporary unions, permitting growth in the length of bone

Question 18

(Cartilaginous Joints)

Symphyses:

Answer 18

SECONDARY cartilaginous joints

• Strong, slightly movable joints united by fibrocartilage
• Provide strength, flexibility and shock absorption
• Ex: IV discs between vertebrae

Question 19

(Joint Innervation)

Hilton Law

Answer 19

The nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering the distal attachments

Question 20

(Joint Innervation)

Proprioception

Answer 20

• Provides an awareness of movement and position of parts of the body
• When the joint is injured, pain fibers in teh fibrous layer of the joint capsule and accessory ligaments may cause considerable pain
• Sensory nerve endings respond to twisting and stretching that occurs during physical activities

Question 21

Symptoms of degenerative joint disease/ Osteoarthritis

Answer 21

Stiffness, discomfort and pain

Question 22

What is degenerative joint disease caused by?

Answer 22

Heavy use over several years, causing degenerative changes to synovial joints

Question 23

Where does degenerative joint disease affect?

Answer 23

• Hips
• Knees
• Vertebral column
• Hands

Question 24

(Degenerative Joint Disease)

Articulation becomes vulnerable to

Answer 24

Repeated friction during joint movement, which may cause considerable pain