BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES Flashcards
who contributed to the first attempt to link personality and biological functions?
A) Cost and McCrae
B) Eysenck
C) Zuckerman
D) Tellegen
B) Eysenck
what was Eysenck’s view of personality?
A) Personality is solely determined by environmental factors
B) He saw personality as rooted in the body in terms of two supertraits
C) Personality is a purely social construct
D) Personality is shaped only by conscious experiences
B) he saw personality as rooted in the body in terms of two supertraits
what were the two supertraits Eysenck saw as largely determining personality?
A) Psychosis and Introversion
B) Cognitive and Affective
C) Neuroticism and Extraversion
D) Behaviorism and Humanism
C) neuroticism and extraversion
what did Eysenck argue about the difference between introverts and extraverts?
A) Differences are solely genetic in nature
B) Differences are influenced by childhood experiences
C) Differences are the result of hormonal imbalances
D) Differences are derived from activation of the cerebral cortex
D) differences are derived from activation of the cerebral cortex
who believed that when the cortex is activated the person is alert and when it is not , the person is drowsy?
A) Tellegen
B) Zuckerman
C) Costa and McCrae
D) Eysenck
D) Eysenck
what did Eysenck believe in terms of introverts and extroverts?
A) Introverts normally have higher cortical arousal than extraverts
B) Personality differences between introverts and extraverts are insignificant
C) Extraverts typically have higher cortical arousal than introverts
D) The concept of introversion and extroversion is not valid according to Eysenck
A) introverts normally have higher cortical arousal than extraverts
because Eysenck believed extraverts had lower cortical arousal, this meant that extraverts
A) Experience higher stress levels
B) Are more introverted in social situations
C) Seek isolation to maintain their arousal levels
D) Seek stimulation to bring their arousal up
D) Seek stimulation to bring their arousal up
in a vigilance task, where you might have to listen to a long series of numbers and press a button whenever you hear three odd ones in a row. If your mind wanders, you miss some of what you’re listening for, who would be more likely to miss?
A) People with high attention spans
B) Individuals with a strong memory
C) Introverts
D) Extroverts
C) introverts
People who are high on this trait have easily aroused emotion centers
A) conscientiousness
B) neuroticism
C) extraversion
D) introversion
B) neuroticism
Eysenck thought that emotional arousal intensifies the manifestations of both extraversion and introviers and this arousal causes both introverts and extroverts to
A) revert to their old ways
B) do less of what the like
C) engage in heightened emotional situations
D) become more of what they are
D) become more of what they are
theories proposed about how the nervous system relates to personality all take what approach?
A) situational approach
B) functional approach
C) structural approach
D) anatomical approach
B) functional approach
what approach to personality refers to the impact of the individual on different types of environment-behaviour relations as well as on the way other factors moderate those relation?
A) situational approach
B) functional approach
C) structural approach
D) anatomical approach
B) functional approach
many biological theorists on personality believe there is a set of brain structures involved when animals approach
A) needs
B) goals
C) incentives
D) desires
C) incentives
what system is thought of as regulating the psychological gas pedal, moving toward what you want - a “go” system
A) Inhibitory control system
B) Behavioural approach system
C) Cognitive processing system
D) Emotional suppression system
B) Behavioural approach system
The structures involved in approach have been given several names, one of those is the behavioural approach system, which of the following is NOT one of those names?
A) activation system
B) behavioural engagement system
C) behavioural go system
D) behavioural facilitation system
C) behavioural go system
what set of brain structures is presumed to be involved whenever a person is pursuing an incentive
A) Inhibitory control system
B) Behavioural approach system
C) Cognitive processing system
D) Behavioural go system
B) Behavioural approach system
which system doesn’t rev you up “in neutral,” though, with no incentive in mind
A) Inhibitory control system
B) Behavioural approach system
C) Cognitive processing system
D) Behavioural go system
B) Behavioural approach system
which system is held to be responsible for many kinds of positive emotions, such as hope, eagerness, and excitement
A) Inhibitory control system
B) Behavioural approach system
C) Cognitive processing system
D) Behavioural go system
B) Behavioural approach system
evidence suggests that incentives (and positive feelings) activate areas in what brain area?
A) hippocampus
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdala
C) left prefrontal cortex.
Higher resting levels in this area predict positive responses to happy films and relate to self-reported BAS sensitivity
A) hippocampus
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdala
C) left prefrontal cortex.
findings from brain monitoring and the BAS system led to the conclusion that the left prefrontal cortex is associated with
A) Motor coordination and physical movements
B) tendencies to experience positive emotions and to pursue rewards.
C) Tendencies to experience negative emotions and avoid punishments
D) Memory storage and retrieval processes
B) tendencies to experience positive emotions and to pursue rewards.
evidence of brain techniques have found that these people have larger volumes of brain brain areas associated with the behavioural approach system
A) Neurotics
B) Introverts
C) Extraverts
D) Individuals with high levels of neuroticism
C) Extraverts
what is taken as a trait related to approach?
A) conscientiousness
B) neuroticism
C) extraversion
D) introversion
C) extraversion
what has recent research suggest as what underlies left prefrontal activation?
A) Inhibitory processes
B) Neural inhibition
C) The approach itself
D) Negative feelings
C) The approach itself
if the desire to approach is prevented what occurs?
A) The approach system becomes even more activated
B) The approach system is engaged, but the emotions are frustration and anger
C) The individual experiences a sense of calm and contentment
D) The individual becomes indifferent and apathetic
B) the approach system is engaged, but the emotions are frustration and anger
evidence suggests that the core of left-frontal activation is what?
A) negative feelings
B) desire for reward
C) desire to avoid
D) positive feelings
B) desire for reward
how does the BAS system respond to rewards?
A) Passively
B) Indiscriminately
C) Selectively
D) Intuitively
C) Selectively
Because the BAS responds selectively to incentives, BAS sensitivity should relate to
A) Learning involving negative outcomes but not to learning involving positive outcomes
B) Learning involving positive outcomes but not to learning involving negative outcomes
C) Learning both positive and negative outcome equally
D) Learning involving neither positive nor negative outcomes
B) learning involving positive outcomes but not to learning involving negative outcomes
what has some evidence suggested may be involved in specialised sensitivities to incentives within relationships
A) Cognitive processing mechanisms
B) Social incentives system
C) Emotional inhibition processes
D) Sensory processing functions
B) Social incentives system
people with this system are highly sensitive to incentives or to cues of good things about to happen
A) Inhibitory control systems
B) Reactive approach systems
C) Aversive motivation systems
D) Cognitive processing systems
B) Reactive approach systems
Those whose approach systems are _____ reactive don’t respond as much (either behaviorally or emotionally) to cues of good things to happen
A) less
B) more
C) Equally
D) Occasionally
A) less
what neurotransmitter is involved in the approach system?
A) norepinephrine
B) GABA
C) serotonin
D) dopamine
D) dopamine
which of the following would be a way of studying dopamine function?
A) Analyzing historical records
B) Observing social interactions
C) Measuring heart rate variability
D) Use biomedical indicators of response to certain drugs
D) use biomedical indicators of response to certain drugs
what neurotransmitter is related to several aspects of extraversion, including social dominance, enthusiasm, energy, and assertiveness
A) norepinephrine
B) GABA
C) serotonin
D) dopamine
D) dopamine
what levels of this neurotransmitter produce a flexible shifting among goals
A) fluctuating dopamine levels
B) moderate dopamine levels
C) high dopamine levels
D) low dopamine levels
C) high dopamine levels
flexibility shifting of goals can be seen as distractibility and consistent with this, evidence has found that _______ is linked with distractability
A) fluctuating dopamine levels
B) moderate dopamine levels
C) high dopamine levels
D) low dopamine levels
C) high dopamine levels
bursts of dopamine in response to reward increase the learning (and the execution) of _________ responses, and that dips in dopamine after nonreward increase the learning (and the execution) of _______ responses
A) Cognitive; emotional
B) Excitatory; inhibitory
C) avoidance; approach
D) approach; avoidance
D) approach; avoidance
the effect of dopamine on learning is related to
A) response
B) motivation
C) performance
D) actual learning
C) performance
if dopamine is involved in approach-related effort, this would mean what effect dopamine has on learning?
A) response
B) motivation
C) performance
D) actual learning
B) motivation
Dopaminergic neurons respond intensely to unexpected rewards but less so to rewards that are expected. When a reward is expected but fails to occur these neurons
A) Become more active
B) Exhibit no change in responding
C) Decrease responding
D) Increase responding
C) decrease responding
decreases in the pattern of responding from dopaminergic neurons when a reward is expected but fails to occur indicate that these neurons are involved in unexpected events that are
A) Predictable
B) Better and worse than expected
C) Random
D) Less favorable than expected
B) Better and worse than expected
what is the pattern of dopaminergic neuron response when there an event is better than expected
A) increase in activity
B) no change in activity
C) decrease in activity
D) fluctuations in activity
A) increase in activity
what is the pattern of dopaminergic neuron response when there an event is worse than expected
A) increase in activity
B) no change in activity
C) decrease in activity
D) fluctuations in activity
C) decrease in activity
what is the pattern of dopaminergic neuron response when there an event occurs as expected
A) increase in activity
B) no change in activity
C) decrease in activity
D) fluctuations in activity
B) no change in activity
in relation to dopamine and events, what do some researchers believe about how learning takes place?
A) Through detection of unexpected events
B) Through passive observation
C) Through conscious intention
D) Through rote memorization
A) Through detection of unexpected events
what is the distinct system in the brain that reacts to punishments and threats, rather than incentives
A) The cognitive processing system
B) The emotional inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) behavioural withdrawal system
thinking of this system as a psychological brake pedal—a “stop” system or a “throw-it-into-reverse” system.
A) The cognitive reversal system
B) The inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
Activity in this system may cause people to inhibit movement (especially if they’re currently approaching an incentive) or to pull back from what they just encountered
A) The cognitive reversal system
B) The inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
When this system is engaged, the person may stop and scan for further cues about the threat, or the person may pull back
A) The cognitive reversal system
B) The inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
a system thought to be responsible for feelings, such as anxiety, fear, guilt, and revulsion.
A) The cognitive reversal system
B) The inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
evidence suggests that this brain area is more active people are feeling anxiety or aversion
A) hippocampus
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdala
B) right prefrontal cortex
Higher resting levels in this area predict more negative feelings when seeing such films, and they also relate to self-reports of threat sensitivity
A) hippocampus
B) right prefrontal cortex
C) left prefrontal cortex.
D) amygdala
B) right prefrontal cortex
what system is related to the right prefrontal cortex?
A) The cognitive reversal system
B) The inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
sensitivity of this system is related to negative outcomes
A) The cognitive reversal system
B) The inhibition system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
D) Behavioural approach system
C) Behavioural withdrawal system
Zinbarg and Mohlman (1998) found that threat sensitivity predicted speed at learning cues of punishment (but not cues of reward). This finding is consistent with
A) sensitivity to learning negative outcomes in the behavioural approach system
B) sensitivity to learning negative outcomes in the behavioural withdrawal system
C) sensitivity to learning positive outcomes in the behavioural approach system
D) sensitivity to learning positive outcomes in the behavioural withdrawal system
B) sensitivity to learning negative outcomes in the behavioural withdrawal system
people with reactive avoidance systems are sensitive to
A) body language
B) facial expressions
C) anger
D) threat
D) threat
