16. Diseases of the large intestines in dogs and cats. Perineal/perianal diseases

Question 1

diseases of the large intestine

Answer 1

acute colitis
chronic colitis

Question 2

potential causes of Acute Colitis

Answer 2

Diet —-low fibre, food intolerance, indiscretion
Parasitic – trichuris vulpis. trichomonas, giardia, cryptosporidium
Bacteria –s. typhimurium, c. difficile/ perfringens, c, jejuni, yersinia enterocolitica
Fungal / Algal — histoplasma, pythium

Question 3

diet to treat Acute Colitis

Answer 3

NPO 24hrs
low fat, hypoallergic
high digestible food
fibre
metronidazole

Question 4

Trichuris Vulpis

Answer 4

Intermitten Diarrhoes
Eggs in faeces, colonoscopy, intermitten evacuation
Treat with fenbendazole

Question 5

tri trichomonas

Answer 5

in distal ileum - colon
cow pat faeces
Treat with Ronidazole

Question 6

Cryptosporidium

Answer 6

zoonotic
only symptomatic treatment

Question 7

Clostridium perfringens

Answer 7

Acute HGE
treat with tylosine, amoxiclav, metronidazole, ampicilin

Question 8

Types of chronic colitis

Answer 8

Lymphocytic - plasmocytic colitis
Plasmocytic colitis
Eosinophilic Colitis
Chronic Histiocytic ulcerative colitis

Question 9

diagnosis of Chronic Colitis

Answer 9

based on histo evidence of mucosal inflammation

Question 10

Differential diagnosis of Chronic Colitis

Answer 10

systemic disease
chronic parasitism
infectious disease
neoplasia
dietary sensitivity

Question 11

causes of Chronic Colitis

Answer 11

Defective mucosal barrier function
abnormal immune response
dysbiosis
genetic
dietary antigens

Question 12

Lymphocytic plasmocytic colitis

Answer 12

where inflammatory cells infiltrate the lining of the GIT due to an abnormal immune response
the most common form of chronic colitis

Question 13

Clinical signs of Lymphocytic plasmocytic colitis

Answer 13

tenesmus
mucoid faeces
haematochezia

Question 14

diagnosis of Lymphocytic plasmocytic colitis

Answer 14

increased mucosal friability
granularity
loss of submucosal vascularity
erosions

Question 15

Eosinophilic colitis

Answer 15

eosinophils gather in the colon
(due to or caussing need to check injury and irritation)

Question 16

Clinical signs of Eosinophilic colitis

Answer 16

roughened irregular mucosa

Question 17

diagnosis of Eosinophilic colitis

Answer 17

colonoscopy
more friable & ulcerated than LPC

Question 18

Chronic histiocytic ulcerative colitis

Answer 18

disease with unknwon aetiology, causing inflammation and ulceration of the GIT mucosa

Question 19

Predisposed to Chronic histiocytic ulcerative colitis

Answer 19

boxer
frenchie
young males

Question 20

causes of Chronic histiocytic ulcerative colitis

Answer 20

adherent invasive e. coli
genetic defect

Question 21

clinical signs of Chronic histiocytic ulcerative colitis

Answer 21

l. bowel diarrhoea
lethargy
anorexia

Question 22

treatment of Chronic histiocytic ulcerative colitis

Answer 22

enrofloxacin

Question 23

Irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 23

uncommon
non inflammatory large bowel disease
abnormal colonic myoelectrical function
large dog breeds - stress induced

Question 24

clinical signs of Irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 24

Chronic, intermittent l. bowel diarrhoea
tenesmus
mucoid faeces
haematochezia

Question 25

Diagnosis of Irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 25

by exclusion colonoscopy will be normal

Question 26

treatment of Irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 26

to correct abnormal motility fibre, anxiolytics, loperamide

Question 27

Colon Neoplasia

Answer 27

Dog - adenocarcinoma, lymphosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma Cat - adenocarcinoma, lymphosarcoma, MCT

Question 28

Dietary treatment of large bowel disease

Answer 28

novel proteins high digestibility high fibre

Question 29

NSAID treatment of large bowel disease

Answer 29

contraindicated in cats mesalazine balsalazide olsalazine

Question 30

Anti- inflammatories treatment of large bowel disease

Answer 30

pred budesonide chlorambucil cyclosporin

Question 31

Antibiotics treatment of large bowel disease

Answer 31

metronidazole tylosin amoxiclav ampicillin enrofloxacin

Question 32

Perineal Diseases

Answer 32

incontinency perianal fistula perineal hernia anal sac disease anal prolapse

Question 33

Incontinency | types

Answer 33

2 subtypes Reservoir and sphincter

Question 34

Reservoir Incontinence

Answer 34

disease of the rectum preventing the storage of stools in a normal manner

Question 35

Sphincter Incontinence

Answer 35

Inability of the anal sphincter to remain in a closed position -> leakage of faeces usually associated with nerve damage

Question 36

Clinical signs of Reservoir Incontinence

Answer 36

dog is aware of defecation but cannot control it Defecation in strange places Soft, bloody, mucoid stools

Question 37

Clinical signs of sphincter Incontinence

Answer 37

redness, inflammation, drainage from rectum licking of anal region Change in how tail is carried due to nerve damage

Question 38

diagnosis of Incontinency

Answer 38

RDP neuro exam xray of spine faecal flotation blood test US, endoscope, biopsy

Question 39

Perianal Fistula

Answer 39

abnormal connection btw the anal canal and the perianal region AKA anal furunculosis

Question 40

predisposition to Perianal Fistula

Answer 40

intact mmales middle aged g. shepherd

Question 41

possible causes of Perianal Fistula

Answer 41

anal gland impaction/ infection poor air circulation around anal region AID genetic disposition

Question 42

clinical signs of Perianal Fistula

Answer 42

V. few in early stages straining blood in faeces anorexia licking of tail / anal region agressiveness depressed chronic, purulent, smelly ulcerating sinus tracts

Question 43

treatment of Perianal Fistula

Answer 43

Immune - modulating drugs cyclosporin AB hypoallergic diet increased ventilation surgery if severe

Question 44

Perineal hernia

Answer 44

weakness of pelvic diaphragm --> displacement of pelvic and abdominal organs into perianal region

Question 45

Clinical signs of Perineal hernia

Answer 45

straining to defectate straining to urinate perianal swelling loss of appetite constipation vomiting depression

Question 46

Diagnosis of Perineal hernia

Answer 46

RDP xray US

Question 47

Treatment of Perineal hernia

Answer 47

Surgery drain bladder if it is trapped within hernial sac do an internal obturator flap

Question 48

predisposition to Anal Sac disease

Answer 48

impaction inflammation overweight dogs abscessation

Question 49

Clinical signs of Anal Sac disease

Answer 49

malodorous, oily fluid scooting excessive licking pain blood / pus from rectum

Question 50

Treatment of Anal Sac disease

Answer 50

impaction - express anal glands AB - clindamycin Pain relief - meloxicam

Question 51

Anal Prolapse

Answer 51

rectum becomes everted and protrudes out of the anus

Question 52

causes of Anal Prolapse

Answer 52

straining to defecate for a prolonged time intestinal worms dehydration constipation diarrhoea ileus

Question 53

Clinical signs of Anal Prolapse

Answer 53

tenesmus more frequent defecation change in faecal consistency

Question 54

diagnosis of Anal Prolapse

Answer 54

physical exam RDP

Question 55

Treatment of Anal Prolapse

Answer 55

clean area sedation purse string suture AB analgesia collar treat cause