41. Non-infectious central nervous diseases. Degenerative central nervous diseases in dogs and cats

Question 1

Non infectious CNS diseases

Answer 1

granulomatous meningoencephalitis
necrotising encephalitis
steroid responsive meningitis arteritis
polyradiculoneuritis
traumatic brain injury
hyperthermia

Question 2

granulomatous meningoencephalitis
definition

Answer 2

inflammatory CNS disease in dogs
focal/ disseminated granulomatous lesionsin brain & spinal cord

Question 3

Where do lesions of granulomatous meningoencephalitis occur

Answer 3

white matter

Question 4

Clinical signs of granulomatous meningoencephalitis

Answer 4

Seizures
Cerebello - vestibular dysfunction
Cervical hyperaesthesia

Question 5

Diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalitis

Answer 5

CSF - mononuclear pleocytosis. Increased protein
CT
Autopsy

Question 6

Treatment of granulomatous meningoencephalitis

Answer 6

Lifelong immunosuppression

Question 7

necrotising encephalitis
definition

Answer 7

multiple cavitary necrotic inflammation of the brain

Question 8

Forms of necrotising encephalitis

Answer 8

Necrotising meningoencephalitis (Pug)
Necrotising leukoencephalitis (Yorkshire terrier)

Question 9

Clinical signs of necrotising encephalitis

Answer 9

correspond to location of lesion
Seizures
Decreased mental status
Visual deficits
Circlin
head pressing

Question 10

Diagnosis of necrotising encephalitis

Answer 10

CSF - Mononuclear pleocytosis, increased protein

Question 11

Treatment of necrotising encephalitis

Answer 11

GCC

Question 12

predisposed to steroid responsive meningitis arteritis

Answer 12

young adult dogs

Question 13

Clinical signs of steroid responsive meningitis arteritis

Answer 13

Cervical rigidity
hyperaesthesia
anorexia
fever

Question 14

Diagnosis of steroid responsive meningitis arteritis

Answer 14

CSF - neutrophil pleocytosis. Increased IgA, Interleukin

Question 15

Treatment of steroid responsive meningitis arteritis

Answer 15

Long term gcc

Question 17

polyradiculoneuritis definition

Answer 17

immune mediated inflammation of the nerve roots and peripheral nerves
Coonhound paralysis

Question 18

Clinical signs of polyradiculoneuritis

Answer 18

LMN paresis
Hyperaesthesia
paralysis
altered bark

Question 19

Treatment of polyradiculoneuritis

Answer 19

Supportive and physio

Question 20

Prognosis of polyradiculoneuritis

Answer 20

spontaneous resolution in 3-6 weeks
Resp paralysis —> death

Question 21

hyperthermia

Question 22

traumatic brain injury occurrence

Answer 22

High rise syndrome
blunt trauma
car accident
dog fight

Question 23

Primary brain injury in case of traumatic brain injury

Answer 23

concussion
contusion
laceration
axial haematoma
entra - axial haematoma

Question 24

Secondary brain injury in traumatic brain injury

Answer 24

neuronal death not attributed to teh direct mechanical effect of trauma
Hypotension
Hypoxaemia
Hyperglycaemia
Excitotoxicosis

Question 25

Clinical signs of traumatic brain injury can be divided into

Answer 25

immediate - brain concussion - brain contusion -

Question 26

Clinical signs of traumatic brain injury Immediate

Answer 26

Loss of consciousness, areflexia, seizures, motor dysfunction

Question 27

Clinical signs of traumatic brain injury Concussion

Answer 27

neuronal function problem, loss of consciousness

Question 28

Clinical signs of traumatic brain injury Contussion

Answer 28

haemorrhage, seizure, loss of consciousness, oedema, functional problems

Question 29

Treatment of traumatic brain injury

Answer 29

goal is to decrease secondary brain injury Supply brain with o2 and blood normalise e- , pH, ICP

Question 30

Intracranial stabilisation

Answer 30

maintain blood and o2 to brain treat intracranial hypertension treat seizures monitor neurological state

Question 31

Treatment for cerebral oedema

Answer 31

hypertonic NaCl Mannitol

Question 32

causes of Hyperthermia

Answer 32

environmental heat excess air humidity physical activity long, thick coat dyspnoea, no access to water seizures malignant hyperthermia

Question 33

Cause of malignant Hyperthermia

Answer 33

inhalation of narcotics Muscle relaxants

Question 34

Clinical signs of Hyperthermia

Answer 34

Tachypnoea Apathy Weakness Shock Tachycardia Stupor Seizures Coma (Bloody) vomiting Diarrhoea

Question 35

Possible secondary effects of hyperthermia

Answer 35

Cerebral oedema DIC Multi-organ failure AKF Arrhythmia cordis Hypoglycaemia Intestinal desquamation Brain damage Acute liver damage

Question 36

Treatment of hyperthermia

Answer 36

Move to cool place cool body plasma infusion & heparin in case of DIC Mannitol & hypertonic NaCl in case of Oedema Bolus colloids & crystalloids in case of Shock

Question 37

Treatment of malignant hyperthermia

Answer 37

Dantrolene