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SAM Final > 3. Diseases of the lungs > Flashcards

3. Diseases of the lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical evaluation of the lungs

A

Challenging
Signalment
general history
physical
Lab d
diagnostic imaging
bronchoscopy
Resp sampling
Blood gas analysis

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2
Q

Signalment of Juvenile patients

A

Infection
congenital diseases

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3
Q

Signalment of old patients

A

Chronic Inflammatory disorders
Tumour

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4
Q

Signalment of siamese cats

A

Felines asthma

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5
Q

History of Lung diseases

A

When did the owner obtain the animal
Travel history
Environment
Known hypersensitivities
previous resp issues

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6
Q

Physical exam of lungs

A

Varying degrees of resp distress
cough
dyspnoea
panting
increased resp rate
adventitial sounds upon auscultation

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7
Q

Lab D of lung disorders

A

Anaemia
Leucocytosis
Leukopenia
Eosinophilia
Hypoalbuminaemia
Pancreatitis
Coagulopathy
Thrombocytopathy
Hypercalcaemia

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8
Q

Diagnostic Imaging of Lungs

A

XRAY - bronchitis, oedema, pneumonia, haemorrhage, granuloma
US
CT - neoplasia, abscess
CT angiography - pulmonary thromboembolism

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9
Q

Radiography of lungs

A

VD, LL (do LL last to avoid lung compression)
Patterns - bronchial, interstitial, alveolar, nodular

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10
Q

US of Lungs

A

can be used for thoracocetesis in case of fluid accumulation

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11
Q

Bronchoscopy of Lungs

A

Direct visualisation - oedema, inflammation, foreign body, ulcer, tumour

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12
Q

Respiratory sampling of Lungs

A

BAL, TTL, Cytology brush, biopsy

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13
Q

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

A

indicator of alveolar ventilation and oxygenation of pulmonary arterial blood

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14
Q

PaO2

A

90-100mmHg

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15
Q

PaCO2

A

36-40mmhg

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16
Q

Diseases of the small airways

A

Bronchitis
Canine Chronic Bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Feline Asthma
Foreign bodies
Neoplasia

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17
Q

Infectious Bronchitis

A

CIRDC
CRCoV
CIV
Kennel cough
FHV
parasites
fungal infections

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18
Q

Non infectious causes of bronchitis

A

Aspiration
Canine chronic bronchitis
Feline asthma

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19
Q

Which animals are most susceptible to canine chronic bronchitis

A

Middle aged / older dogs
small breeds

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20
Q

History of canine chronic bronchitis

A

daily cough for >2 months
exercise intolerance

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21
Q

diagnosis of canine chronic bronchitis

A

good BCS
tracheal sensitivity
insp crackles
exp wheezes
prolonged exp
increased vagal tone

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22
Q

xray of canine chronic bronchitis

A

donut signs
RS cardiomegaly
+/-

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23
Q

Bronchoscopy of canine chronic bronchitis

A

hyperaemic mucosa
mucoid / purulent secretions
fibrous nodules on mucosa

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24
Q

Differential of canine chronic bronchitis

A

infection
aspiration
eosinophilic broncho- pneumopathy
endocardiosis
pulmonary fibrosis

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25
Q

Treatment of canine chronic bronchitis

A

Never cured
only controlled
Pred
Bronchodilators
Antitiussives
AB
Ancillary therapy
Nebulisation

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26
Q

What may inadequate treatment of canine chronic bronchitis lead to

A

pulmonary hypertension
bronchiectasis
vascular remodelling

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27
Q

What is bronchiectasis

A

irreversible dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of pulmonary secretions

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28
Q

Susceptible breeds to bronchiectasis

A

Cocker spaniel

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29
Q

History of bronchiectasis

A

chronic productive cough
frequent bouts of pneumonia

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30
Q

Clinical signs of bronchiectasis

A

loud bronchial sounds
nasal discharge
haemoptysis

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31
Q

diagnosis of bronchiectasis

A

xray
bronchoscopy
ct

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32
Q

Treatment of bronchiectasis

A

Lobar bronchiectasis —> lobectomy & AB
bronchodilators
AVOID antitussives

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33
Q

Prevention of bronchiectasis

A

AB
removal of foreign bodies
CCB management

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34
Q

Prognosis of bronchiectasis

A

Chronic recurrent infection
AB reistance
pulmonary hypertension

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35
Q

Clinical Signs of feline lower airway diseasae

A

Paroxysmal cough
dry hacking cough
open mouth breathing
prolonged exhalation
crackles
exp wheezes
increased resonance

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36
Q

Diagnosis of feline asthma

A

blood test - eosinophilia in 30% of cases
faecal exam - aelurostrongylus
xray
bronchoscopy - BAL cytology

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37
Q

Xray of feline asthma

A

interstitial, bronchial, alveolar pattern
peribronchial cuffing, infiltrated medial lung lobe, pulmonary emphysema

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38
Q

Differential of feline asthma

A

infection
aspiration
allergic bronchitis
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
neoplasia

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39
Q

Treatment of feline asthma

A

emergency - terbutaline, gcc
chronic - gcc, fluticasone, bronchodilators, AB

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40
Q

What is considered emergency in case of feline asthma

A

cyanosis and open mouth breathing

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41
Q

Prevention of feline asthma

A

Avoid beta blockers
cigarette smoke
aerosol

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42
Q

incidence of Foreign bodies in bronchi

A

Accidental
laryngeal paralysis
dental problems

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43
Q

Clinical signs of Foreign bodies in bronchi

A

Acute / chronic cough
cyanosis
recurrent airway infection

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44
Q

diagnosis of Foreign bodies in bronchi

A

xray, bronchoscopy

45
Q

Treatment of Foreign bodies in bronchi

A

removal

46
Q

clinical signs of neoplasia of bronchi

A

cough
obstructive breathing pattern
haemoptysis

47
Q

auscultation of neoplasia of bronchi

A

harsh wheezing noises

48
Q

diagnosis of neoplasia of bronchi

A

mass

49
Q

Cause of Bacterial Pneumonia

A

e. coli
bordetella
Klebsiella
Pasteurella
Pseudomonas
Mycoplasma

50
Q

Bacterial Pneumonia is a common complication of

A

laryngeal dysfunction
viral pneumonia
aspiration pneumonia
gi disease
encephalopathy

51
Q

What are the protection mechanisms against Bacterial Pneumonia

A

laryngeal function
coughing reflex
mucociliary clearance
epithelial barrier
IgA
alveolar macrophages
IgG

52
Q

clinical signs of Bacterial Pneumonia

A

lethargy
fever
dyspnoea
coughing
exercise intolerance
nasal discharge
haemoptysis
increased lung sounds

53
Q

diagnosis of Bacterial Pneumonia

A

increased WBC
xray
bronchoscopy
BAL / TTL

54
Q

treatment of Bacterial Pneumonia

A

AB
bronchodilators
lobeectomy
saline nebulisation
treat underlying disease

55
Q

Cause of Viral BronchoPneumonia

A

Distemper
morbillivirus

56
Q

Clinical signs of Viral BronchoPneumonia

A

mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
fever
lethargy
CNS signs

57
Q

diagnosis of Viral BronchoPneumonia

A

xray - interstitial / alveolar pattern

58
Q

treatment of Viral BronchoPneumonia

A

supportive
seizure control may be necessary

59
Q

Prevention of Viral BronchoPneumonia

A

vaccination

60
Q

Causes of Fungal Pneumonia

A

histoplasma capsulatum
COccidiosis
Cryptococcus
Aspergillus

61
Q

Diagnosis of Fungal Pneumonia

A

BAL
FNA
Bloods

62
Q

Treatment of Fungal Pneumonia

A

Itraconazole

63
Q

Aspiration pneumonia disposition

A

megaoesophagus
laryngeal & pharyngeal dysfunction

64
Q

Factors affecting the severity of lung injury in Aspiration pneumonia

A

volume, pH, toxicity
Obstruction
Pulmonary Haemorrhage
Oedema
Inflammation
Necrosis
Bronchoconstriction
Infection

65
Q

Clinical signs of Aspiration pneumonia

A

cough
tachypneoa
acute resp distress syndrome
fever
lethargy
shock

wheezing in cats only

66
Q

diagnosis of Aspiration pneumonia

A

history of vomiting/ regurgitation
xray
CBC
bronchoscopy

67
Q

What is seen on xray in case of Aspiration pneumonia

A

interstitio - alveolar pattern in CV and middle lobes

68
Q

Treatment of Aspiration pneumonia

A

resp distress
AB
saline inhalation
corticosteroids are contraindicated

69
Q

aetiology of Eosinophilic Bronchopenumopathy

A

unknown

70
Q

which breed is predisposed to Eosinophilic Bronchopenumopathy

A

huskies

71
Q

history of Eosinophilic Bronchopenumopathy

A

coughing
gagging
dyspnoea
nasal dischrage
lethargy
anorexia

72
Q

clinical signs of Eosinophilic Bronchopenumopathy

A

nasal discharge
crackling
increased lung sounds

73
Q

diagnosis of Eosinophilic Bronchopenumopathy

A

rule out other causes
xray
bronchoscopy

74
Q

Treatment of Eosinophilic Bronchopenumopathy

A

gcc at immunosuppressive dosage

75
Q

What is pulmonary oedema

A

fluid accumulation in the interstitium and alveoli

76
Q

causes of pulmonary oedema

A

non cardiogenic - ARDS, acute upper airway obstruction, neirogenic oedema

cardiogenic - CHF

77
Q

clinical signs of pulmonary oedema

A

dyspnoea > cyanosis > cough

78
Q

diagnosis of pulmonary oedema

A

auscultation:
crackles on insp and end exp
heart murmur, arrhythmia, tachycardia
heart murmur without sinus tachycardia

79
Q

treatment of pulmonary oedema

A

furosemide
oxygen
sedation

80
Q

aetiology of smoke inhalation

A

Acute - 0-36hrs: oedema & tissue hypoxia
Later - 2-4days: tracheobronchitis, pneumonia

81
Q

Clinical signs of smoke inhalation

A

singed hair
smell of smoke
upper airway stridor
ocular & nasal discharge
cyanosis

82
Q

diagnosis of smoke inhalation

A

BAL
xray

83
Q

Treatment of smoke inhalation

A

Observation for at least 48hrs
tracheostomy
oxygen cage
bronchodilators
IVFT
Analgesia
corticosteroids

84
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

acute hypoxemix resp failure caused by lung injury and increased pulmonary capillary permeability

85
Q

what can Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome be secondary to

A

sepsis
pancreatitis
aspiration
shock
microbial pneumonia

86
Q

Pathogenesis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

Poorly understood
Early phase : proteinaceous fluid
Later phase : increased inflammatory cells, hyaline membrane formation & fibrosis –> pul hypertension

87
Q

Clinical signs of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

Anxiety
tachycardia
cyanosis
cracklies
wheezes

88
Q

Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

Non cardiogenic lung oedema - ausculatation, xray, ecg
Protein

89
Q

Treatment of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A

Oxygen therapy
IVFT
furosemide
gcc

90
Q

Susceptible breeds to Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

westie
staffie

91
Q

Clinical signs of Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

Dog - chronic & progressive pulmonary signs
Cat - rare, dyspnoea, exercise intolerance, cough, cyanosis, crackles

92
Q

Diagnosis of Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

xray
ecg
biopsy

93
Q

Treatment of Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

No effective treatment
cough suppressants
gcc
bronchodilators

94
Q

Susceptbile breeds for Lung lobe torsion

A

large, deep chested dogs

95
Q

consequences of Lung lobe torsion

A

venous congestion -> exudation, necrosis, anaemia

96
Q

Clinical signs of Lung lobe torsion

A

Resp distress
tachypnoea
cough
hypotension
dyspneoa
fever
lethargy

97
Q

Diagnosis of Lung lobe torsion

A

xray
bronchoscopy
ct
surgical exploration

98
Q

Treatment for Lung lobe torsion

A

FLuid drainage
oxygen
IVFT
shock therapy
surgery

99
Q

predisposition to Pulmonary Thromboembolism

A

Middle- aged / older animals

100
Q

what can Pulmonary Thromboembolism be secondary to

A

Heartworm
IMHA
neoplasia
DIC
cushings
PLE
PL- nephropathy

101
Q

consequences of Pulmonary Thromboembolism

A

abnormal gas exchange
pulmonary infarction

102
Q

clinical signs of Pulmonary Thromboembolism

A

acute resp distress
tachypnoea
cyanosis

103
Q

diagnosis of Pulmonary Thromboembolism

A

pulmonary angiography (gold stadard)
d - dimer
blood gas analysis
xray
ecg

104
Q

Treatment of Pulmonary Thromboembolism

A

thrombolytic therapy
treat underlying disease

105
Q

Pulmonary Neoplasia names

A

carcinoma, osteosarcoma
metastatic > primary

106
Q

Physical exam of Pulmonary Neoplasia

A

try to located the origin of metastasis
auscultation
percussion

107
Q

clinical signs of Pulmonary Neoplasia

A

Chronic cough
exercise intolerance
resp distress
dyspnoea
weight loss
anorexia

108
Q
A

SAM Final (48 decks)

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