26. Diabetes mellitus in dogs and cats

Question 1

If insulin decreases, what happens blood glucose

Answer 1

Increases

Question 2

Type I DM

Answer 2

Insulin dependant

Question 3

cause of Insulin dependant

Answer 3

decrease in secretion of insulin due to immune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, islet cell hypoplasia or pancreatic destruction

Question 4

Pathogenesis of Insulin dependant

Answer 4

Autoimmune
Amyloidosis
Pancreatitis

Question 5

Treatment of Insulin dependant

Answer 5

Insulin injecitons

Question 6

which animal is more susceptible to Insulin dependant

Answer 6

Dogs > cats

Question 7

Type II diabetes

Answer 7

Non Insulin dependant

Question 8

Non Insulin dependant is due to

Answer 8

Insulin resistance due to diatobetogenic hormones or obesity
Secretion of insulin is normal but inefective
Delayed response in secreting insulin or the tissues are resistant

Question 9

Which animal is more susceptible to Non Insulin dependant

Answer 9

Cats > dogs

Question 10

Pathogenesis of Non Insulin dependant

Answer 10

Excess counterregulatory hormones
obesity

Question 11

how can Non Insulin dependant become Insulin dependant

Answer 11

NIDDM –> Prolonged hyperglycaemia –> glucose toxicity of pancreatic cells –> destruction –> IDDM

Question 12

Consequence of increased EC glucose

Answer 12

Glucosuria –> decreased blood K, Na, PO
IC dehydration –> hyperglycaemic coma
Glycation of proteins –> cataracts, neuropathy

Question 13

Consequences of decreased IC glucose

Answer 13

Increased lipolysis
Ketonemia — ketouria, acidosis, ketoacidosis
Weight loss
Hyperlipidaemia
Increased gluconeogenesis –> weakness

Question 14

Predisposed to DM in dogs

Answer 14

Middle/ old aged dogs
intact females
poodle, dachshund, terrier, puli, lab

Question 15

Clinical signs of uncomplicated DM in dogs

Answer 15

PU/PD
weight loss
dehydration
hepatomegaly
dull coat
flaking skin
cystitis
cataracts
retinopathy
paresis

Question 16

Clinical signs of complicated DM in dogs

Answer 16

all of uncomplicated as well as clinical signs associated with
diabetic ketoacidosis
hyperglycaemia hyperosmolar syndrome
pancreatitis
epi
cushing’s

Question 17

Clinical signs of complicated DM in dogs associated with diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 17

Kussmaul breathing
Anorexia
Acetone-smelling breath
Vomiting
Lethargy
Coma
Weakness

Question 18

Clinical signs of complicated DM in dogs associated with hyperglycaemia hyperosmolar syndrome

Answer 18

restlessness
nystagmus
ataxia
convulsions

Question 19

Clinical signs of complicated DM in dogs associated with pancreatitis

Answer 19

Abdominal pain
diarrhoea
vomiting
lethargy

Question 20

Clinical signs of complicated DM in dogs associated with epi

Answer 20

poorly digested faeces
foul smelling faeces
flatulence

Question 21

Clinical signs of complicated DM in dogs associated with cushing’s

Answer 21

acromegaly

Question 22

Lab D of DM in dogs

Answer 22

increased; blood glucose, ALT, ALP, ALKP, BUN, creatinine, Amylase, lipase, cholesterol, progesterone, cortisol, GH

Question 23

Urinalysis of DM in dogs

Answer 23

glucosuria >12mmol/l
Bacteriuria
Ketouria

Question 24

fasting hyperglycaemia

Answer 24

blood glucose is measured on at least 2 occasions after >8hrs of fasting

Question 25

Fructosamine levels

Answer 25

increase used in cats as the levels are not affected by stress hyperglycaemia

Question 26

Differentiation of NIDDM and IDDM

Answer 26

iv glucose tolerance test

Question 27

DIagnosis of DM in dogs

Answer 27

History physical exam lab d abdo US

Question 28

Abdo US of DM in dogs

Answer 28

diffusse hepatomegaly enlarged adrenal glands pancreatitis nephropathy cystitis ovarian cysts uterine cysts

Question 29

Insulin therapy

Answer 29

caninsulin

Question 30

risks of caninsulin

Answer 30

anorexia or vomiting (give half dose) excitement falling convulsions Weakness tremor coma

Question 31

Blood glucose levels after 6 hrs post insulin

Answer 31

4-9mmol/l

Question 32

Treatment of hypoglycaemia

Answer 32

Put honey on lips Give an extra meal skip following insulin dose

Question 33

other non insulin treatments

Answer 33

ovariectomy - decrease risk of insulin resistance, and insulin demand Diet - increase; protein, fibre, complex carbs

Question 34

Treatment of ketoacidosis

Answer 34

Ringers & KCl Regular insulin K+ replacement bicarbonate therapy

Question 35

Clinical signs of DM in cats

Answer 35

PU/PD Weight loss - polyphagia cataracts neuropathy

Question 36

Lab D of DM in cats

Answer 36

Hepatic Lipidosis Hypokalaemia Hyperthyroidism - baseline serum T4 or serum free T4 stress hyperglycaemia

Question 37

Insulin therapy of Type I DM of cats

Answer 37

glipizide, glargine increased insulin secretion --- Decreased blood glucose after 1-2 months

Question 38

Insulin therapy of Type II DM of cats

Answer 38

diet exercise ovariohysterectomy