9. Diseases of the pericardium. Heartworm disease.

Question 1

congenital pericardial diseases

Answer 1

pericardial cysts
partial defects
PPDH

Question 2

what is PPDH

Answer 2

peritoneal pericardial diaphragmatic hernia

Question 3

what is pericardial effusion

Answer 3

build up of excess fluid

Question 4

predisposition of pericardial effusion

Answer 4

large dogs
males
over 5yrs

Question 5

causes of pericardial effusion in cats

Answer 5

idiopathic
heart failure
FIP
cardiomyopathy, lymphoma, uraemia

Question 6

causes of pericardial effusion in dogs

Answer 6

idiopathic
cardiac neoplasia
mesothelioma

Question 7

pathogenesis of pericardial effusion
transudate

Answer 7

CHF, PPDH, Hypoalbuminaemia, infection cause an increase in vascular permeability

Question 8

pathogenesis of pericardial effusion
exudative

Answer 8

(non) infectious pericarditis

Question 9

pathogenesis of haemorrhages pericardial effusion

Answer 9

neoplasia
idiopathic
trauma
hemostatic disorder
pericardial mass

Question 10

what can pericardial effusion lead to

Answer 10

cardiac tamponade -> v. cava compression, RA, RV coronary compression

Question 11

Clinical signs of pericardial effusion

Answer 11

ascites
abdomen distension
tachycardia
pale/ cyanotic mm
collapse
vomitting
exercise intolerance
weakness
depression
dyspnoea
weak femoral pulse
jugular distension and pule

Question 12

auscultation of pericardial effusion

Answer 12

weak/ absent heart beat
muffled heart sounds

Question 13

pathology of pericardial effusion

Answer 13

hepatomegaly
splenomegaly
sc oedema

Question 14

echo in case of pericardial effusion

Answer 14

visualisation of tamponade
fluid filled sac
pericardial fluid
tumours
abnormal cardiac motion
collapse of RS chamber

Question 15

ECG in case of pericardial effusion

Answer 15

usually normal
decreased R waves/ alternating R wave
ST - T elevation
sinus tachycardia

Question 16

Xray of pericardial effusion

Answer 16

enlarged cardiac silhouette
dilated caudal vena cava
tracheal dislocation
venous congestion
hepatomegaly
ascites

Question 17

treatment of pericardial effusion

Answer 17

us guided pericardiocentesis
no diuretics
ab, antiinflam

Question 18

where to put in needle for us guided pericardiocentesis

Answer 18

ICS 4-5

Question 19

constrictive pericardial disease

Answer 19

thickening/ scarring of pericardial layers & fluid

Question 20

Clinical signs of constrictive pericardial disease

Answer 20

RS CHF
abdominal distension
tachypnoea
laboured breathing
syncope
weight loss

Question 21

echo of constrictive pericardial disease

Answer 21

pericardial fluid
thickened echogenic pericardium
decreased diastolic chamber size

Question 22

Diagnosis of constrictive pericardial disease

Answer 22

echo
hepatojugular reflex test
cardiac catheterisation

Question 23

treatment of constrictive pericardial disease

Answer 23

subtotal pericardiectomy

Question 24

when is prognosis of constrictive pericardial disease good

Answer 24

if epicardium and pericardium arent fused

Question 25

where do adult Heartworms live

Answer 25

pulmonary artery

Question 26

vector of Heartworm

Answer 26

mosquitoes

Question 27

host and reservoir of Heartworm

Answer 27

dogs and candids

Question 28

name of Heartworm disease

Answer 28

heartworm, associated resp disease

Question 29

severity of Heartworm is dependant ono

Answer 29

no. of worms how long theyve been present body rxns exercise and size of animal

Question 30

live adult Heartworm can cause

Answer 30

mechanical trauma immunosuppression damage of intime of blood vessels

Question 31

dead adult Heartworm

Answer 31

more severe vascular reactions thrombi causeing embolism, inflammation and fibrosis

Question 32

what does inflammation cause in case of Heartworm

Answer 32

hypoxaemia -> vasoconstriction -> bronchoconstriction -> oedema and inflammation

Question 33

what is possible after treatment of Heartworm

Answer 33

thromboembolism

Question 34

other consequences of Heartworm

Answer 34

liver damage cirrhosis glomerulonephritis

Question 35

clinical signs of the mild form of Heartworm

Answer 35

none chronic cough

Question 36

clinical signs of moderate Heartworm

Answer 36

cough eoistaxis exercise intolerance abnormal lung sounds

Question 37

Clinical signs of severe form of Heartworm

Answer 37

cough epistaxis exercise intolerance dyspnoea abnormal heart and lung sounds hepatomegaly syncope ascites

Question 38

what is caval synodrome

Answer 38

adult worms are displaced to RV

Question 39

symptoms of caval syndrome

Answer 39

sudden lethargy weakness haemoglobinuria RS CHF tricuspid murmur

Question 40

clinical signs of Heartworm in cats

Answer 40

bronchitis asthma cough dyspnoea intermittent vomiting lethargy

Question 41

diagnosis of Heartworm

Answer 41

antigen testing drip test bloods echo ecg xray tracheal wash

Question 42

bloods of Heartworm

Answer 42

eosinophilia basophilia neutrophilia moncytosis

Question 43

what is seen in an echo in Heartworm

Answer 43

RA/ RV dilation RV hypertrophy pul artery dilation paradoxical septal motion small left heart

Question 44

treatment of Heartworm

Answer 44

melarsomine moxidectin

Question 45

prevention of Heartworm

Answer 45

test for worms and microfilaria prevention with macrocyclic lactones

Question 46

prognosis of Heartworm

Answer 46

good/ guarded depending on severity caval syndrome is poor/ grave