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SAM Final > 39. Congenital and neoplastic diseases of the nervous system in dogs and cats > Flashcards

39. Congenital and neoplastic diseases of the nervous system in dogs and cats Flashcards

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1
Q

Congenital brain diseases

A

Hydrocephalus
Lissencephaly
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
Chiai- like malformation
Syringomyelia

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2
Q

Hydrocephalus definition

A

Increased volume of cerebrospinal fluid
Abnormal dilation of the cranial ventricular system

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3
Q

Predisposed to Hydrocephalus

A

Dog
Toy breed
Brachys
Persian cat

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4
Q

4 types of Hydrocephalus

A

Compensatory Hydrocephalus
Obstructive Hydrocephalus
Communicating Hydrocephalus
Non- communicating Hydrocephalus

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5
Q

Compensatory Hydrocephalus

A

CSF replaces the lost parenchyma

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6
Q

Obstructive Hydrocephalus

A

Flow/ Absorption of CSF is obstructed

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7
Q

Communicating Hydrocephalus

A

Flow btw ventricles

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8
Q

Non communicating Hydrocephalus

A

obstruction
no flow btw ventricles

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9
Q

How is congenital Hydrocephalus cause

A

Defect of
- the drainage canals and foramina btw ventricles
- btw ventricles and subarachnoid space
- absorptive mechanism

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10
Q

Acquired Hydrocephalus is caused by

A

neoplasia
inflammation
trauma

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11
Q

What can cause intrauterine infection leading to Hydrocephalus

A

FIP
Toxoplasma

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12
Q

Pathogenesis of Hydrocephalus

A

Increased intracranial pressure in foetus before the syndesmosis of skull fuses —-> hydrocephalus and enlarged cranium

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13
Q

Clinical signs of Hydrocephalus

A

Skull deformity
enlarged head
patent fontanelles
cerebral dysfunction
Bilateral strabismus
Slow postural reflexes
Poor proprioception
Dull
excitement
depression
blindness
seizures
tetraparesis
Increased IOP

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14
Q

Lissencephaly definition

A

Smooth brain
None/ minimal gyri and sulci on brain
Thickened cerebral cortex

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15
Q

Clinical signs of Lissencephaly

A

Learning difficulty
Abnormal behaviour

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16
Q

Predisposed to Lissencephaly

A

Inherited abnormality
Lhasa Apso

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17
Q

Cerebellar Hypoplasia definition

A

Cerebellar malformation
ventricular dilation
lissencephaly

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18
Q

Contraction of Cerebellar Hypoplasia

A

After utero-perinatal infection with Parvo

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19
Q

Chiari like malformation definition

A

Herniation of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum

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20
Q

Predisposed to Chiari like malformation

A

King charles

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21
Q

Cause of Chiari like malformation

A

Short cranium
Occipital malformation

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22
Q

Syringomyelia definition

A

Multifocal/ continuous cavitation in the spinal cord parenchyma
Occurs secondary to cerebellar herniation

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23
Q

Clinical signs of syringomyelia

A

Excessive scratching
proprioceptive ataxia
postural reaction deficits
neuropathic pain

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24
Q

Hydromyelia defintion

A

Dilation of spinal cord’s central canal

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25
Congenital and Acquired Spinal cord diseases
Wobbler Syndrome Atlantoaxial Luxation Myelomalatia Degenerative Myelopathy Spinal Cord Neoplasia Intravertebral disc disease
26
Lower Motor Neurons
Hyporeflexia Weakness Decreased muscle resting tone Decreased muscle tone with movement
27
Upper Motor Neurons
Hyperreflexia Maintenance of strength Increased muscle resting tone Spasticity of limbs
28
Wobbler Syndrome definition
Soft tissue alteration --> spinal cord compression Static or dynamic
29
Predisposed to Wobbler Syndrome
Great dane - bony malformation of cervical vertebrae Dobermann - soft tissue hypertrophy/ redundancy. Disc disease
30
Clinical signs of Wobbler Syndrome
Hyperreflexia (HL) Shortened FL strides Tetraplegia Proprioception deficit Cervial pain Ataxia (FL) Lowered Head
31
Xray of Wobbler Syndrome
Vertebral malformation stenotic spinal canla narrow intervertebral space exostosis
32
Myelography of Wobbler Syndrome
Essential to find the side of compression
33
Treatment of Wobbler Syndrome
GCC NSAIDS Neck bandages surgery
34
Atlantoaxial Luxation definition
Dorsal luxation of C2 minimal intervertebral movement
35
Predisposed to Atlantoaxial Luxation
Toy breeds
36
Clinical signs of Atlantoaxial Luxation
Neck pain ---> ataxia ---> tetraplegia
37
Myelomalatia definition
Acute, progressive and ischaemic necrosis of spinal cord after injury ---> area of necrosis spreads
38
Degenerative myelopathy definition
Progressive ataxia and paresis of HL
39
Predisposed to Degenerative myelopathy
Older dogs
40
Clinical signs of Degenerative myelopathy
Non painful Loss of HL reflexes Paresis of FL Urinary incontinence Faecal incontinence
41
Treatment of Degenerative myelopathy
None Physio may prolong survival
42
Spinal cord neoplasia classified by
location
43
Types of Spinal cord neoplasia
Extradural Subarachnoid Intramedullary
44
Intramedullary Spinal cord neoplasia
Glioma Lymphomasarcoma Haemangiosarcoma
45
Subarachnoid Spinal cord neoplasia
nerve sheath tumours meningioma lymphosarcoma neuroepithelioma
46
Extradural Spinal cord neoplasia
Haemangiosarcoma chondrosarcoma lymphosarcom fibrosarcoma osteosarcoma
47
Intervertebral disc herniation definition
Displacement of part of a disc mostly secondary to a pre-existing degeneration of the disc
48
Clincial signs of disc herniation
Pain Neurological deficit
49
IVDD types
Hansen 1 Hansen 2
50
Hansen 1
Extrusion Full rupture of annulus fibrosus Prolapse of nucleus pulposus into vertebral canal
51
Clinical signs of Hansen 1
Spinal cord compression - swelling, necrosis Ascending/ descending myelomalacia acute onset paresis/ paralysis
52
Hansen 2
Protrusion Partial rupture of annulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus bulges into vertebral canal
53
Hansen 2 clinical signs
Chronic onset of paresis/paralysis spinal cord compression
54
progression of Clinical signs of IVDD
Pain -> Propionic deficit --> Mild paresis & ataxia --> Severe paresis & ataxia --> Paraplegia with intact pain sensation --> Paraplegia with no pain sensation
55
Grading of IVDD
Hyperaesthesia Mild paraparesis Moderate paraparesis Severe paraparesis & ataxia Paraplegia
56
Rehabilitation of IVDD
1. Post OP- cryotherapy, nsaids 2. Supporting weight 3. acheive good motor function 4. achieve normal gait 5. normal gait and strengthening
57
Other IVDD
spondylosis deformans Discospondylosis fibrocartilage embolims Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column
58
spondylosis deformans cause
Intervertebral disc degeneration ---> joint laxity ---> osteophyte build up --> locomotion disorders
59
Treatment of spondylosis deformans
Nsaids Analgesia Surgery
60
Discospondylosis pathomechanism
Bacterial infection ---> haematogenous spead ---> spinal chord lesions
61
CLinical signs of Discospondylosis
pain Ataxia Paralysis
62
Diagnosis of Discospondylosis
xray ct
63
Treatment of Discospondylosis
AB for 2-6months
64
Fibrocartilage embolism pathomechanism
embolism composed of cartilage --> ischaemia & necrosis of spinal cord --> neurological deficit
65
Predisposed to Fibrocartilage embolism
Lab g. shepherd Retriever Dobermann
66
CLinical signs of Fibrocartilage embolism
Unilateral Sudden paralysis & pain at site of injury Max neurological deficit at 1-2 days
67
Diagnosis of Fibrocartilage embolism
MRI
68
Treatment of Fibrocartilage embolism
GCC rehab
69
another name for Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column
cauda equina syndrome
70
Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column defintion
compression of the lumbosacral nerve roots
71
Aetiology of Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column
Discus hernia Ligament hypertrophy subluxation
72
Clinical signs of Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column
Progressive HL paralysis faecal incontinence urinary incontinence ataxia pain tail paralysis
73
Diagnosis of Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column
Xray CT myelography MRI
74
Treatment of Lumbosacral stenosis of vertebral column
Cage rest gcc nsaids surgery
75
Primary Brain tumours of dog
Meningioma glioma choroid plexus tumour histiolytic sarcoma lymphoma
76
Primary Brain tumours of cat
meningioma glioma lymphoma
77
Secondary Brain tumours
Haemangiosarcoma lymphoma melanoma (metastatic)
78
Neoplasia of PNS
nerve sheath tumour - lymphoma Chronic lameness, pain
79
Predisposed to Intracranial neoplasia
older cats and dogs
80
Intracranial neoplasia Primary neoplasm of dog
Meningioma Astrocytoma Glioma
81
Intracranial neoplasia Primary tumour of dogs
Meningioma Lmyphoma Glioma
82
Intracranial neoplasia Secondary neoplasm
Contact spread distant metastasis
83
Consequences of Intracranial neoplasia
Neuon loss impaired liquor circulation
84
Clinical signs of Intracranial neoplasia
Progressive dysfunction Hydrocephalus Behaviour disorders Vestibular signs Convulsions Cerebral/ cerebellar ataxia oedema dementia strabismus paralysis blindness
85
Diagnosis of Intracranial neoplasia
Clinical signs Increased pressure CT, MRI scintigraphy
86
Treatment of Intracranial neoplasia
Spf tolitary tumours - radiotherapy, surgery Symptomatic - sedative, anticonvulsatns, decrease brain oedema

SAM Final (48 decks)

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