4. Diseases of the thoracic cavity

Question 1

Clinical Signs of Pleural Effusions

Answer 1

Inspiratory Dyspnoea
Delayed expiration
Extended neck
Tachypnoea
Open mouth breathing
Cyanosis

Question 2

Percussion findings of Pleural Effusions

Answer 2

horizontal dullness
diernhofer dullness

Question 3

Types of pleural effusions

Answer 3

Hydrothorax
Pyothorax
Chylothorax
Haemothorax

Question 4

hydrothorax definition

Answer 4

transudate accumulated in pleural cavity

Question 5

Cause of Hydrothorax

Answer 5

CHF (cats)
Hypoalbuminaemia
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Portal hypertension

Question 6

Pyothorax definition

Answer 6

purulent exudate in the pleural cavity

Question 7

Cause of Pyothorax

Answer 7

penetrating thoracic wounds
anaerobic bacteria
fip
Gi/ CV diseasess
Pulmonary embolism
Haematogenous metastasis

Question 8

example of anaerobic bacteria

Answer 8

Nocardia Asteroides

Question 9

Diagnosis of Pyothorax

Answer 9

cytology
culture
total protein

Question 10

Therapy of Pyothorax

Answer 10

Thoracocentesis
Chest tubing
AB
Analgesia
Thoracic drainage

Question 11

Chylothorax definition

Answer 11

modified lymphatic fluid in pleural cavity

Question 12

how does lymphatic fluid get into pleural space

Answer 12

from lymphatic vessels to thoracic duct to cranial vena cava

Question 13

Cause of Chylothorax

Answer 13

decreased lymphatic drainage

Question 14

causes of lymphatic drainage

Answer 14

congenital
idiopathic
non traumatic
traumatic

Question 15

Diagnosis of Chylothorax

Answer 15

Thoracocentesis
Cytology
More triglyceride than blood

Question 16

Therapy of Chylothorax

Answer 16

Thoracocentesis
treat underlying cause
low fat diet

Question 17

What is pneumothorax

Answer 17

air accumulation in pleural space

Question 18

What is the difference btw pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum

Answer 18

Thorax = btw lung and chest wall
mediastinum - central

Question 19

Classification of pneumothorax

Answer 19

traumatic
spontaneous

Question 20

cause of traumatic pneumothorax

Answer 20

blunt trauma
penetrating injuries

Question 21

cause of spontaneous pneumothorax

Answer 21

idiopathic
secondary
simple/ complicated / tensioned
open/ closed

Question 22

Clinical signs of pneumothorax

Answer 22

inspiratory dyspnoea
decreased heart and lung and resp sounds
cyanosis
increased resonance
underlying trauma

Question 23

Diagnosis of pneumothorax

Answer 23

physical exam
thoracocentesis
xray

Question 24

Xray of pneumothorax

Answer 24

elevation of heart from sternum
demarcation of intrathoracic organs
lung lobe compression
no visible pulmonary vascular structures

Question 25

Treatment of pneumothorax

Answer 25

Thoracocentesis Chest tubing Rest, Oxygen Surgery blood patch pleurodesis

Question 26

cause of simple ptx

Answer 26

thoracocentesis

Question 27

cause of complicated ptx

Answer 27

repeated accumulation of air damaging the drainage

Question 28

cause of tension ptx

Answer 28

tear in lung or chest wall creating a flap valve to allow more air into pleural cavity

Question 29

Definition of Diaphragmatic Hernia

Answer 29

Abdominal contents enter the thoracic cavity

Question 30

Classification of Diaphragmatic Hernia

Answer 30

Pleuroperitoneal/ Peritopericardial Traumatic / Congenital

Question 31

Clinical Signs of Diaphragmatic Hernia

Answer 31

Mixed or inspiratoy dyspnoea Shock Stomach Distension Dullness Asymmetrical resp. noise Cyanosis Arrhythmia

Question 32

Diagnosis of Diaphragmatic Hernia

Answer 32

physical exam xray US thoracocentesis (blood tinged fluid)

Question 33

Therapy of Diaphragmatic Hernia

Answer 33

Surgery

Question 34

Another name for Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

Answer 34

pleural effusion

Question 35

what is Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

Answer 35

a build up of excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside of the lung

Question 36

Cause of Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

Answer 36

increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries increased permeability of capillaries increased hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial space decreased oncotic pressure problems with lymphatic drainage

Question 37

Where does fluid originate from

Answer 37

pulmonary capillaries Systemic capillaries Abdomen Lymphatic vessels

Question 38

Percussion of Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

Answer 38

horizontal dullness diernohofer triangle disappears

Question 39

Auscultation of Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

Answer 39

bronchial sounds above fluid no sounds under the fluid

Question 40

Diagnosis of Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

Answer 40

Xray US CBC electrolytes Urea Thoracocetesis

Question 41

Xray of Thoracic Fluid Accumulation

Answer 41

blunting on costophrenic and cardiophrenic angle

Question 42

cause of fluid if it originates pulmonary capillaries

Answer 42

Decreased; plasma oncotic pressure & pleural pressure

Question 43

cause of fluid if it originates systemic capillaries

Answer 43

Increased; vascular permeability & venous pressure

Question 44

cause of fluid if it originates abdomen

Answer 44

cardiac disease FIP diaphragmatic hernia heartworm idiopathic lung lobe torsion pancreatitis pericardial disease neoplasm

Question 45

cause of fluid if it originates lymphatic vessels

Answer 45

blockage compression increased venous pressure injury from chemo/ radiation limitation of resp motion

Question 46

Haemothorax definition

Answer 46

blood in pleural cavity

Question 47

cause of haemothorax

Answer 47

trauma neoplasia coagulopathies ruptured granuloma thymus apoplexy

Question 48

Treatment of haemothorax

Answer 48

chest drain treat underlying disease thoracic lavage surgery