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SAM Final > 21. Acute liver diseases in dogs and cats. Acute hepatic failure, feline hepatic lipidosis > Flashcards

21. Acute liver diseases in dogs and cats. Acute hepatic failure, feline hepatic lipidosis Flashcards

1
Q

are liver diseases more likely to be acute or chronic

A

acute because chronic conditions allow for regeneration time and functional adaptation.
chronic only show if 70% of hepatic functional mass has been lost

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2
Q

general non specific clinical signs

A

anorexia
weight loss
poor coat
vomiting
diarrhoea
apathy
lethargy
depression
dehydration

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3
Q

general specific clinical signs

A

icterus
bilirubinaemia
CNS signs
enlarged abdomen
pu/pd
DIC
coagulopathy

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4
Q

causes of liver associated ascites

A

pre hepatic
intra hepatic
post hepatic

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5
Q

prehepatic mechanism

A

ateriovenous fistula
portal vein obstruction
portal vein hypoplasia

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6
Q

intrahepatic mechanism

A

portal venule hypoplasia
sinusoidal cellular infiltration
fibrosis ; periportal region

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7
Q

post hepatic mechanism

A

aka passive congestion
hepatic vein obstruction
cauda vena cava obstruction
RS HF
pericardial disease

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8
Q

differential of ascites

A

HF
peritonitis
protein loss due to AKI/ GI
liver disorders

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9
Q

predispositions to liver disease in cats

A

liver has less storage & regenerative capacity than dog
more likely to suffer a biliary disease or hepatic lipidosis
rarely develop fibrosis, cirrhosis, portal hypertension, APSS
hepatomegaly

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10
Q

predispositions to liver disease in dogs

A

more likely to suffer a parenchymal disease
smaller liver

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11
Q

What % of liver is affected in Acute Hepatic Failure - AHF of dogs

A

70%

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12
Q

histo of AHF

A

Necrosis

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13
Q

what are the 3 outcomes of AHF

A

recovery
chronic liver disease
death

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14
Q

Clinical signs of AHF

A

Mild - slow progression
Severe - acute AHF
depression
dehydration
abdo pain
coagulopathy
CNS signs
polydipsia
icterus
fever
vomiting
anorexia

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15
Q

Lab D of AHF

A

Increased; ALT, AST, ALP. GGP. Br, FBA- PPBA, NH3
Decreased ; glucose. bun, albumin

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16
Q

US of AHF

A

decreased echogenicity

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17
Q

toxic effect of AHF

A

intrinsic - reproducilbe, dose dependant, toxic dose limit, direct toxic effect
extrinsic - non reproductible, unique, not dose- dependant

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18
Q

Hepatotoxins

A

Parcetamol
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin
Potentiated sulphonamide
xylitol
Primidone (cats)
Diazepam (cats)

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19
Q

paracetamol toxic effect

A

in cats
rapidly depletes the body’s stores of glutathione
oxidative effects
causing erythrocyte methamoglobinaemia and necrosis

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20
Q

clinical signs of paracetamol toxicosis

A

cyanosis
dyspnoea
facial oedema
tachycardia
tachypnoea
brown blood

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21
Q

lab d of paracetamol toxicosis

A

haemolytic anaemia
methemoglobinaemia
abnormal rbcs
increased; ALT, Br, haemoglobinaemia

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22
Q

treatment of paracetamol toxicosis

A

fluish stomach
activated charcoal
IVFT, oxygen, mannitol
antioxidants
N- acetylcycteine

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23
Q

Phenobarbital toxicosis

A

rarely causes hepatotoxicity
treat by decreasing dose

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24
Q

Lab d of Phenobarbital toxicosis

A

decreased; albumin
Increased; Br, enlarged liver

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25
Q

Phenytoin toxicosis

A

very hepatotoxicosis
causes hepatitis, fatal intrahepatic cholestasis
short half life in dogs

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26
Q

types of potentiated sulphonamide toxicosis

A

sulphonamide hypersensitivity - thrombocytopaenia, fever, polyarthropathy

acute hepatopathy - liver necrosis& cholestasis

destructive cholangitis - idiosyncratic hypersensitivity, acholic faeces

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27
Q

other drugs causing hepatotoxxicity

A

phenytoin - hepatitis, fatal intrahepatic cholestasis
primidone - liver necrosis, lipidosis & cholestasis

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28
Q

xylitol toxicosis

A

quickly absorbed into liver
causes very pronounced dose- dependant insulin production in dogs
leads to hypoglycaemia, liver necrosis, acute liver failure

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29
Q

Lab D of xylitol toxicosis

A

hypoglycaemia
hypokalaemia
increased ; liver enzymes, Br
hypophosphataemia –> hyper

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30
Q

Clinical signs of xylitol toxicosis

A

vomiting
weakness
tremor
AHF
lethargy
ataxia
seizure

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31
Q

treatment of xylitol toxicosis

A

emesis
not activated charcoal
monitor and maintain blood glucose
palliative therapy

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32
Q

AHF caused by pathogens in dogs

A

Canine Adenovirus
Canine Herpesvirus
Leptospirosis
Clostridium Piliformis
Helicobacter Canis
Abscess
Mycosis
Toxoplasmosis
Dirofilaria immitis

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33
Q

another name for Canine Adenovirus

A

Rubarth’s disease

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34
Q

consequence of Canine Adenovirus

A

hepatic necrosis
gall bladder oedema

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35
Q

Clinical signs of Canine Adenovirus

A

None (low chance)
Chronic Hepatitis & cirrhosis
Centrilobular to bridging hepatic necrosis

36
Q

Pathology of Canine Adenovirus

A

dark and mottled liver

37
Q

complications of Canine Adenovirus

A

HE
DIC
hypoglycaemia
CN
GI vasculitis
tonsillitis
jaundice

38
Q

Diagnosis of Canine Adenovirus

A

inclusion bodies
IF antibody test
biopsy

39
Q

treatment of Canine Adenovirus

A

vaccine
symptomatic - atropine, IVFT, blood transfusion, topical corticosteroids

40
Q

Canine Herpesvirus

A

acute, afebrile, fatal in neonates
Older dogs = mild upper resp signs
Multiorgan failure - liver, kidney, lung

41
Q

Pathology of Canine Herpesvirus

A

acute, systemic necrosis & haemorrhage
necrotising vasculitis
petechiae
vessicles
subcutaneous oedema

42
Q

Lab d of Canine Herpesvirus

A

eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies

43
Q

Leptospirosis

A

Zoonotic, acute disease

44
Q

Toxin causes of Leptospirosis

A

lysis of tight junction
intrahepatic cholestasis
vascular damage - - bleeding tendencies

45
Q

Lab D of Leptospirosis

A

increased; ALPL, ALT, BA, Br

46
Q

Clinical Signs of Leptospirosis

A

Fever
DIC
Myalgia
Oedema
Jaundice
Haematemesis
Haematochezia
Vomiting
Vascular injury
Melena
Renal dysfunction
Epistaxis
Oliguria/anuria
Uveitis

47
Q

Diagnosis of Leptospirosis

A

US - thickened gallbladder
serology
PCR
isolation from fresh urine

48
Q

clinical signs Clostridium Piliformis

A

acute onset, rapidly fatal
anorexia
lethargy
abdo discomfort

49
Q

Diagnosis of Clostridium Piliformis

A

Biopsy - multifocal periportal hepatic necrosis

50
Q

Treatment of Clostridium Piliformis

A

No treatmend

51
Q

Pathology of Clostridium Piliformis

A

multifocal hepatic necrosis
necrotising ileus

52
Q

Helicobacter canis

A

mostly young dogs
lesions of bile canalculi

53
Q

2 different types of Hepatic abscess

A

Focal - ischaemia, hepatobiliary infection
Multifocal - systemic infection

54
Q

Clinical signs of hepatic abcess

A

Anorexia
Ascites
Depression
Weight loss
Vomitus
Hepatomegaly
Fever

55
Q

Lab d of hepatic abcess

A

neutrophilia (left shift)
increased ; liver enzymes, Br

56
Q

Treatment of hepatic abcess

A

surgery - drainage - AB

57
Q

Clinical signs of Mycotic infection

A

Hepatomegaly
ascites
icterus
cough/ dyspnoea

58
Q

lab d of mycotic infection

A

increased liver enzymes
+/- SBA
Increased ; Br, Albumin
Decreased ; DIC

59
Q

Pathology of Mycotic infection

A

Granulomatous / pyogranulomatous inflammation

60
Q

2 mycosis

A

Histoplasmosis
Coccidiosis

61
Q

histoplasmosis

A

affecting - bone marrow, lymph nodes, GIT

62
Q

coccidiosis

A

affecting - bone marrow, ln, joints, abdo organs

63
Q

toxoplasmosis infection affects

A

lungs, eye, lymphoid tissue, spleen, cns, heart

64
Q

toxoplasmosis clinical signs

A

icterus
abdo pain
fever
uveitis

65
Q

pathology of toxoplasmosis

A

widespread multifocal necrosis
ahf

66
Q

Treatment of toxoplasmosis

A

clindamycin

67
Q

dirofilaria immitis

A

post caval syndrome
affects RA of heart

68
Q

Clinical signs of dirofilaria immitis

A

anorexia
weakness
dyspnoea
haemoglobinuria
anaemia
icterus

69
Q

Lab d of dirofilaria immitis

A

intravascular haemolysis

70
Q

pathology of dirofilaria immitis

A

acute, passive congestion of the liver.

71
Q

AHF causing pathogens in cats

A

Herpes
FIP
Lepto
Clostridium Piliformis
Hepatic abcess
mycotic infection
toxoplasmosis
dirofilaria immitis

72
Q

Feline hepatic lipidosis

A

increased hepatocellular accumulation of lipids & cholestasis leading to hepatic failure
indoor DSH, obese cats that then undergo prolonged anorexia

73
Q

Clinical signs of Feline hepatic lipidosis

A

Anorexia
Hepatomegaly
Depression
Depression (HE)
Dehydration
Salivation (HE)
Icterus
GI signs (D & V)
Coagulopathy
Ventroflexion of head & neck

74
Q

2 types of FHL

A

idiopathic hepatic lipidosis
secondary hepatic lipidosis

75
Q

Idiopathic Hepatic lipidosis

A

high resistance protein catabolism in cats
amino acids can be constantly lost
- fasting during illness or anorexia or stress can increase fat mobilisation from fat stores –> decreased lipoprotein synthesis leading to lipid accumulation

76
Q

main 2 consequences of Idiopathic Hepatic lipidosis

A

lipid accumulation and increased ammonia

77
Q

Secondary Hepatic lipidosis

A

most common

78
Q

cause of Secondary Hepatic lipidosis

A

metabolic / infective disease
Cholangiohepatitis
DM
Cardiomyopathy
IBD
Pancreatitis
FORL
CKF
FIP
Neural diseases
Neoplasia
Toxins
Drugs (tetracycline)

79
Q

Lab D of FHL

A

increased ; ggt, SBA, ALT, ALP, TBr, glucose, NH3
decreased ; K, P, Mg

80
Q

Diagnosis of FHL

A

Liver biopsy
early biopsy may lead to death
Vit K depletion - coagulopathy (dangerous)
US - hepatomegaly
FNA & cytology

81
Q

Treatment of FHL

A

gcc are contraindicated
NG tube
avoid re feeding syndrome
treat HE, coagulopathy

82
Q

FIP cause

A

corornavirus

83
Q

which organs are affected in FIP

A

peritoneum
pleura
brain
eyes
parenchymal organs

84
Q

Clinical signs of fip

A

non
mild resp, mild diarrhoes

85
Q

Diagnosis of FIP

A

no definitive test

86
Q

diazepam in cats

A

acute hepatic failure and high mortality

SAM Final (48 decks)

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