2015 Questions Submitted Flashcards
1
Q
Name the structure that holds the uterus and ovaries in their proper position.
A
Broad ligament
2
Q
The process of releasing an ovum from the follicle on the ovary is known by what term?
A
ovulation
3
Q
What is the name of the temporary gland that forms on the ovary after the ovum is released?
A
Corpus luteum, or yellow body
4
Q
GnRH causes the release of which two reproductive hormones?
A
LH and FSH
5
Q
Name the technical term for the act of giving birth.
A
partuition
6
Q
Which reproductive hormone helps deliver the calf, by causing the tissue in the birth canal to relax?
A
Relaxin
7
Q
Through which structure does the fetus receives all of its nutrients?
A
placenta
8
Q
How many phases of the estrous cycle are there?
A
2 phases
9
Q
The period of heat in dairy cattle is known as what?
A
estrus
10
Q
What is the most reliable sign of estrus?
A
Standing to be mounted
11
Q
What is the most common reason a cow does not come back into heat?
A
Pregnancy
12
Q
The thin cylinder used to preserve frozen semen is known by what term?
A
A French straw
13
Q
What element is used to freeze and store semen?
A
nitrogen (liquid form)
14
Q
Which breed of dairy cattle has the longest gestation period?
A
Brown Swiss
15
Q
Name the hormone released by a pregnant cow, which is triggered by her calf’s response to stress, that initiates parturition.
A
cortisol
16
Q
Name the two male reproductive hormones which stimulate sperm production.
A
FSH and LH
17
Q
What is the main function of a bull’s testes?
A
to produce sperm and to produce the male sex hormones
18
Q
Sterility describes an animal that cannot do what?
A
cannot reproduce
19
Q
After the ovum is fertilized, where does the fetus grow and develop?
A
uterus
20
Q
What is the number one reason for culling in U.S. dairy herds?
A
reproductive failure
21
Q
The period of time from one calving until the next calving, is known by what term?
A
calving interval
22
Q
How long is the most common Voluntary Waiting Period?
A
60 days
23
Q
What do the letters SCR stand for in regard to dairy cattle reproduction?
A
sire conception rate
24
Q
At what time of day should vaccinations be given?
A
In the morning
25
How long before a show, should your animal’s hooves be trimmed?
at least one month before a show
26
Where should the nose piece of a nylon halter be positioned on a dairy animal?
halfway between the nostrils and the eyes
27
In the male reproductive system, where are mature sperm stored?
epididymus
28
What type of knot should be used to secure your animal?
quick release slip knot
29
Name 1 of the 3 common bovine ailments that will make an animal ineligible for a show.
warts, pinkeye, ringworm
30
Give 5 signs a cow is near calving.
udder full, vulva enlarged, mucus discharge, relaxation of ligaments at tail head, restlessness
31
Name 4 aspects of good housing for heifers.
clean, dry, well-ventilated, protected from drafts, shade from sun, protection from weather
32
Why is it important to feed a calf appropriate amounts of grain and silage?
To ensure maximum growth potential of the calf, without excessive weight gain
33
Why is dehorning of calves an encouraged management practice in the dairy industry?
for the safety of the animal, other animals and people
34
In the show ring, what actions would you take to get your dairy animal to move backwards?
apply pressure to the point of shoulder with the fingertips of your right hand and apply backward pressure to the halter
35
Name the site where semen is deposited during natural service and during AI.
Natural - vagina
| AI - in uterus
36
What are the two main functions of the ovaries?
Production of eggs AND
| Secretes hormones essential for reproduction
37
What percentage of the cow’s ova were present at birth?
100%
38
After release from the follicle, how many hours will the ovum be fertile?
6-12 hours
39
Which reproductive hormone is produced in the hypothalamus of both cows and bulls?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
40
Which female reproductive hormone is produced by the corpus luteum?
progesterone
41
What function does prostaglandin have in the female reproductive cycle?
Destroys the corpus luteum
42
What is the purpose of the female reproductive hormone prolactin?
Stimulate the udder to grow and start producing milk.
43
Approximately how many follicular waves occur during an estrous cycle in cattle?
2-3 follicular waves
44
Identify the condition when the physical signs of heat are difficult to detect.
Silent heat
45
Where are E. Coli and Klebsiella sp. bacteria most commonly found on a dairy farm?
in organic matter, including bedding and manure
46
Which bedding material is associated with an increase risk in mastitis caused by the bacteria Klebsiella sp.?
sawdust
47
How is the teat end most commonly exposed to the E. Coli bacteria?
dirty bedding
48
Since both E. Coli and Klebsiella sp. bacteria will infect mammary glands through environmental contact, what should be done to help prevent exposure to them?
keep stalls clean
49
The use of which inorganic bedding material will help reduce contamination by bacteria?
sand, recycled sand must be washed and properly dried
50
Name 1 of the 2 times when new cases of mastitis are most likely to occur?
early lactation, after drying off
51
Which vaccine has shown to be effective at reducing the number of S. Aureus infections?
Lysigin vaccine
52
Where do mycoplasma infections come from?
from purchased animals with unknown health status
53
Name one way in which mycoplasma infections are spread.
improper sanitation of milking equipment, airborne transmission
54
Name one of the best ways to prevent further infections of mycoplasma mastitis?
maintain a closed herd, culture replacement heifer and cows before contact with other animals
55
Name one of the 3 places where the Staphylococcua aureus bacteria persist in dairy cattle?
mammary glands, teat canals, teat lesions
56
The follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the growth of what?
Ovarian follicles
57
Which reproductive hormone produced by the ovarian follicles causes estrus and peaks at the onset of standing heat?
estrogen
58
What function does progesterone have in cows?
Necessary to maintain pregnancy by inhibiting release of GnRH
59
Which reproductive hormone helps deliver the calf by stimulating muscular contractions of the uterus?
Oxytocin
60
The condition of cryptorchidism may affect what?
fertility
61
Approximately how many follicular waves occur during an estrous cycle in cattle?
2-3 follicular waves
62
What percentage of pregnant cows exhibit signs of estrus?
3-5%
63
Identify the condition when the physical signs of heat are difficult to detect.
Silent heat
64
What term is used to describe the failure to have an estrous cycle?
Anestrus
65
Name the four stages of the estrous cycle.
Estrus, Metestrus, Diestrus,
| Proestrus
66
Name and describe the two phases of the estrous cycle.
Follicular - active follicles are present
| Luteal - corpus luteum is dominant ovarian structure
67
Name three factors that affect a dairy herd’s conception rate.
heat detection accuracy, cow fertility, bull fertility, technician competency
68
Name five reasons that a herd doesn’t become pregnant when bred by artificial insemination.
failure to ovulate, fertilization failure, hormone imbalance, poor quality semen, failure to inseminate, improper insemination technique, heat detection errors
69
Name 5 factors that can affect the length of gestation.
age of the cow, breed of the cow, sex of the calf, number of calves carried, season of the year
70
Question
Answer
71
Name the structure that holds the uterus and ovaries in their proper position.
Broad ligament
72
The process of releasing an ovum from the follicle on the ovary is known by what term?
ovulation
73
What is the name of the temporary gland that forms on the ovary after the ovum is released?
Corpus luteum, or yellow body
74
GnRH causes the release of which two reproductive hormones?
LH and FSH
75
Name the technical term for the act of giving birth.
partuition
76
Which reproductive hormone helps deliver the calf, by causing the tissue in the birth canal to relax?
Relaxin
77
Through which structure does the fetus receives all of its nutrients?
placenta
78
How many phases of the estrous cycle are there?
2 phases
79
The period of heat in dairy cattle is known as what?
estrus
80
What is the most reliable sign of estrus?
Standing to be mounted
81
What is the most common reason a cow does not come back into heat?
Pregnancy
82
The thin cylinder used to preserve frozen semen is known by what term?
A French straw
83
What element is used to freeze and store semen?
nitrogen (liquid form)
84
Which breed of dairy cattle has the longest gestation period?
Brown Swiss
85
Name the hormone released by a pregnant cow, which is triggered by her calf’s response to stress, that initiates parturition.
cortisol
86
Name the two male reproductive hormones which stimulate sperm production.
FSH and LH
87
What is the main function of a bull’s testes?
to produce sperm and to produce the male sex hormones
88
Sterility describes an animal that cannot do what?
cannot reproduce
89
After the ovum is fertilized, where does the fetus grow and develop?
uterus
90
What is the number one reason for culling in U.S. dairy herds?
reproductive failure
91
The period of time from one calving until the next calving, is known by what term?
calving interval
92
How long is the most common Voluntary Waiting Period?
60 days
93
What do the letters SCR stand for in regard to dairy cattle reproduction?
sire conception rate
94
At what time of day should vaccinations be given?
In the morning
95
How long before a show, should your animal’s hooves be trimmed?
at least one month before a show
96
Where should the nose piece of a nylon halter be positioned on a dairy animal?
halfway between the nostrils and the eyes
97
In the male reproductive system, where are mature sperm stored?
epididymus
98
What type of knot should be used to secure your animal?
quick release slip knot
99
Name 1 of the 3 common bovine ailments that will make an animal ineligible for a show.
warts, pinkeye, ringworm
100
Give 5 signs a cow is near calving.
udder full, vulva enlarged, mucus discharge, relaxation of ligaments at tail head, restlessness
101
Name 4 aspects of good housing for heifers.
clean, dry, well-ventilated, protected from drafts, shade from sun, protection from weather
102
Why is it important to feed a calf appropriate amounts of grain and silage?
To ensure maximum growth potential of the calf, without excessive weight gain
103
Why is dehorning of calves an encouraged management practice in the dairy industry?
for the safety of the animal, other animals and people
104
In the show ring, what actions would you take to get your dairy animal to move backwards?
apply pressure to the point of shoulder with the fingertips of your right hand and apply backward pressure to the halter
105
Name the site where semen is deposited during natural service and during AI.
Natural - vagina
| AI - in uterus
106
What are the two main functions of the ovaries?
Production of eggs AND
| Secretes hormones essential for reproduction
107
What percentage of the cow’s ova were present at birth?
100%
108
After release from the follicle, how many hours will the ovum be fertile?
6-12 hours
109
Which reproductive hormone is produced in the hypothalamus of both cows and bulls?
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
110
Which female reproductive hormone is produced by the corpus luteum?
progesterone
111
What function does prostaglandin have in the female reproductive cycle?
Destroys the corpus luteum
112
What is the purpose of the female reproductive hormone prolactin?
Stimulate the udder to grow and start producing milk.
113
Approximately how many follicular waves occur during an estrous cycle in cattle?
2-3 follicular waves
114
Identify the condition when the physical signs of heat are difficult to detect.
Silent heat
115
Where are E. Coli and Klebsiella sp. bacteria most commonly found on a dairy farm?
in organic matter, including bedding and manure
116
Which bedding material is associated with an increase risk in mastitis caused by the bacteria Klebsiella sp.?
sawdust
117
How is the teat end most commonly exposed to the E. Coli bacteria?
dirty bedding
118
Since both E. Coli and Klebsiella sp. bacteria will infect mammary glands through environmental contact, what should be done to help prevent exposure to them?
keep stalls clean
119
The use of which inorganic bedding material will help reduce contamination by bacteria?
sand, recycled sand must be washed and properly dried
120
Name 1 of the 2 times when new cases of mastitis are most likely to occur?
early lactation, after drying off
121
Which vaccine has shown to be effective at reducing the number of S. Aureus infections?
Lysigin vaccine
122
Where do mycoplasma infections come from?
from purchased animals with unknown health status
123
Name one way in which mycoplasma infections are spread.
improper sanitation of milking equipment, airborne transmission
124
Name one of the best ways to prevent further infections of mycoplasma mastitis?
maintain a closed herd, culture replacement heifer and cows before contact with other animals
125
Name one of the 3 places where the Staphylococcua aureus bacteria persist in dairy cattle?
mammary glands, teat canals, teat lesions
126
The follicle stimulating hormone stimulates the growth of what?
Ovarian follicles
127
Which reproductive hormone produced by the ovarian follicles causes estrus and peaks at the onset of standing heat?
estrogen
128
What function does progesterone have in cows?
Necessary to maintain pregnancy by inhibiting release of GnRH
129
Which reproductive hormone helps deliver the calf by stimulating muscular contractions of the uterus?
Oxytocin
130
The condition of cryptorchidism may affect what?
fertility
131
Approximately how many follicular waves occur during an estrous cycle in cattle?
2-3 follicular waves
132
What percentage of pregnant cows exhibit signs of estrus?
3-5%
133
Identify the condition when the physical signs of heat are difficult to detect.
Silent heat
134
What term is used to describe the failure to have an estrous cycle?
Anestrus
135
Name the four stages of the estrous cycle.
Estrus, Metestrus, Diestrus,
| Proestrus
136
Name and describe the two phases of the estrous cycle.
Follicular - active follicles are present
| Luteal - corpus luteum is dominant ovarian structure
137
Name three factors that affect a dairy herd’s conception rate.
heat detection accuracy, cow fertility, bull fertility, technician competency
138
Name five reasons that a herd doesn’t become pregnant when bred by artificial insemination.
failure to ovulate, fertilization failure, hormone imbalance, poor quality semen, failure to inseminate, improper insemination technique, heat detection errors
139
Name 5 factors that can affect the length of gestation.
age of the cow, breed of the cow, sex of the calf, number of calves carried, season of the year
