2EXAM-HChem Flashcards by Alex Cepo

___ properties depend on the amount

___ properties depend on type of matter, not the amount

Extensive

Intensive

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Chemical changes (are/are not) reversible

Are not

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Changes of state are (physical/chemical)

What does this include

Physical

Boiling, melting

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Elements are organized in the periodic table by ___ periods and ___ groups

7, 18

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What is evidence of a chemical reaction

Production of heat or light, a color change, the production of a gas, or the formation of a precipitate

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____________ describes that mass is conserved during chemical or physical changes. Mass of reactants=Mass of products

Conservation of mass

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In scientific notation, the base must be…

Equal to or greater than 1 and less than 10

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What is Avogadro’s number

6.022 x 10^23

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What is the difference between accuracy and precision

Accuracy: describes how a measurement agrees with the correct or accepted value (bullseye)
Precision: describes how a measurement agrees with other values (consistency)

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Sig figs contain all of the numbers known for certain plus

One estimate

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What is the SI unit for:
Mass-
Length-
Time-
Amount of substance-
Temperature-

Kilogram
Meter
Second
Mole
Kelvin

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How do you convert C to F

How do you convert F to C

F=C*9/5 +32

C=(F-32)*5/9

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Where are protons and neutrons located

The nucleus

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The number of neutrons =

Mass number-number of protons

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What are the four orbital shapes that electrons can occupy

S(sphere), p (peanut), d (double peanut), f (flowers)

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What is the trend for atomic radius?

What is the trend for ionization energy?

Increases left and down

Increases right and up

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What is ionization energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron, the valence electron, of an isolated gaseous atom to form a cation

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Electrons want to be unpaired until they’re forced to pair

Hund’s Rule

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When assigning orbitals to electrons, always fill lowest energy first

Aufbau’s Principle

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What are the rules for electron dot notation

No side can have more than two dots because each orbital can only hold two electrons
Each side gets one dot before doubling up

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What is a photon

A package of energy that travels on transverse waves

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The wavelength is between two ___

Crests

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The amplitude of a wave is…

The distance from the middle to the top

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Color of light is established by _____

Wavelength

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_________ is how many waves pass a point in 1 second

Frequency

Frequency is represented by a __

What are units for frequency

Wps, cps, hertz, s^-1

_____ travel at the speed of light

Electrons

electrons start in (lowest/highest) possible energy

Lowest (ground state)

Increasing wavelength ____ energy

Decreases

Ionic bonding involves the ____ of electrons

Transfer

What are the two types of covalent bonding

Polar and nonpolar

What is electronegativity

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

How do you calculate N,A,S numbers for atoms/polyatomic ions

N is needed (they all need 8 expect H needs 2, Be needs 4, Boron needs 6) A is available, use valence electron number and look at charge S is N-A. Divide by 2 and put that number of lone pairs on the central atom

What are the two conditions that will result in a molecule being polar

One or more lone pairs on center atom (dipoles will angle) | If you have different atoms connected to your center (different electronegativities)

_____ are neutral | _____ have a charge

Atoms | Ions

All elements want to have the electron arrangement of the ______ noble gas

Nearest

D-block metals form ___

Cations

Oxyacids contain __,__, and a third element

H, O

When you're naming compounds, use the full name of __ and __

Sulfur, phosphorus

How do you do empirical formula

Divide percentage by atomic mass, divide all solutions by smallest number, get whole numbers by multiplying ALL RESULTS

How do you find the molecular formula

Divide the total mass by the mass present in the compound | Use that as the subscript

Empirical formula is _____ | Molecular formula is ____

Simplest | Actual

What are the 5 types of equations

``` Synthesis Decomposition Single Displacement Double displacement Combustion ```

Which is NOT a sign that a double replacement reaction will occur Light is emitted, ppt is produced, H20 is formed, gas is formed

Light is emitted

The reaction Li+02--->Li20 is ...

Synthesis and Combustion

When you add an acid to a base, the solution ______________ | If you add a base to an acid, it ______

Stays pink | Flashes pink

How do you find the limiting reactant

Convert grams of the reactant to grams of the product | Whichever is less is the limiting

What must be the units for gas laws

Pressure-atm Volume- l Temp- K

If you're using the ideal gas law for a wet/dry gas, make sure you have the correct ____ by using Dalton's law

Pressure (subtract or add given water vapor pressure

The acid ____ the proton while the base _____ it

Donates/accepts

The conjugate base goes with the _______

Acid

What are the rules for naming acids and bases

``` Normal: ic +1: per_ic -1: _ous -2:hypo_ous (Look at subscript) ```

When writing rate laws, don't forget the _

What is the unit for k

M^-overall order -1 s^-1

The rate determining step is the ___ step

Slowest

LeChatelier's Principle says that

When you put a stress on a reaction, it will respond to relieve the stress Also called the equilibrium law

Adding a catalyst to a reaction shifts the reaction...

NOT AT ALL | NO SHIFT

Decreasing the volume makes the reaction shift towards

The side with less moles

Decreasing volume=

Increasing pressure

What is entropy

Measures the degree of disorder

All objects have a tendency to go towards _delta H and _delta S

-,+ | Less energy, more disorder

Endothermic reactions ____ heat and the energy is in the ___ | Exothermic reactions _____ heat and the energy is in the ____

Absorb, reactant | Release, product

What is enthalpy

Change in heat (delta H)

What is Hess's Law of Intermediates

The heat of formation of the steps must add up to the total

What is Hess's law of summation

Heat of reaction=sum of heat of formation of products times moles-sum of heat of formation of reactants times moles

Delta Hf values for elements are 0 | Why

They are naturally occurring and no heat is absorbed

In Gibbs, temperature must be in _____

Kelvin

What element goes in the center for Lewis structure

Least electronegative

When doing Lewis structure, make sure..

Electrons drawn equals A number

Mr Cousineau serves ham sandwiches according to the following equation 1Ham+2Bread+1Cheese-->1Sandwich If Mr. C buys 24 slices of bread, 14 slices of ham, and 16 slices of cheese, which ingredient will be the limiting reactant? (How do you know)

The bread Divide each of the amount of ingredients you buy by the number of ingredients per one sandwich, whichever is the least (bread) is the limiting reactant

Nomenclature | Describe the rules for each situation

Binary ionic- cation unchanged and then the anion stem+ide D-block ionic- cation unchanged, Roman numeral, anion stem+ide Covalent- right of staircase cation, use prefixes di, tri, tetra, penta Binary acid- hydro_____ic acid Oxyacid- compare to polyatomic -ate form. Use per___ic, ___ic, ___ous, hypo___ous

If you need the mass of one molecule of something, what do you do

Convert molecules to moles and moles to grams

One mole is different from one _____

Molecule

How would you find the mass of one molecule of C8H18

Convert molecules to moles using Avogrado's number and then convert moles to grams

Is wood heterogenous or homogenous

Heterogenous

Flammability is a ____ property

Chemical

Conductor of heat is a ___ property

Physical

Melting is a ___ property

Physical

Dissolving readily in water | Physical or chemical

Physical

Dissolving salt in water is a _____ change

Physical

Boiling is a ______ property

Physical

Density is an ___ property

Intensive

2EXAM-HChem Flashcards

(83 cards)