APUSH Test 1 Flashcards
Give an example of how maize agriculture was adapted to withstand harsh environments order to be planted.
The Pueblo people of Southwestern Americas (around present day Arizona) created irrigation systems branching off the Rio Grande to water their crops in high heat
Around AD 1000, what major agriculture begun to spread through North and Central America?
Maize agriculture
Give 3 example how maize cultivation transformation transformed ancient societies.
- Less emphasis on hunting and gathering
- Major increase in population (reliable food source=accommodation to more people)
- Permanent houses were built, villages built around fields
Around 300,000 natives lived in this region prior to the arrival of the Europeans
The northwest; present day California
The people of the northwest region of the United States relied on what kind of food sources?
Mainly hunting, gathering, fishing
What wealthy society lived in the northwest region of the United States and how did they adapt to their environment?
The Chinooks; excellent warrior traditions, advanced fighting techniques in order to hold their position, lived in easy to tear down and rebuild long houses that housed up to 24 people, developed canoe
What was the Great Plains and Great Basin people’s food source before the introduction of the horse?
Lack of natural resources because of the flat plains, moved with the buffalo herd but hard to catch, gathering
Name some Great Plain/Basin tribes
Cherokee, Apache, Sioux
How was life on the Great Plains/Basin altered due to the introduction of horses?
Easier to hunt/follow the buffalo, helped militarily, easier/faster to travel, larger contribution to the blood pool, tepees easily moved
Name a tribe from the Northeastern Atlantic Seaboard region and their food source.
The Iroquois (present day New York and Pennsylvania), hunting, gathering, farming (maize)
Give two examples of how the Iroquois adapted to the environment.
Burned forests to make room for crops(later led to British believing God meant the cleared land to be for them) and permanent villages built around maize farms
Give examples of how the Iroquois were a matriarchal society
Power was based on female authority, women present in council decision making, tended to crops and oversaw community affairs when men were hunting
What was the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of plants, animals, cultures, humans, diseases, etc. between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
What are some example of things traded during the Columbian Exchange?
Americas–> Europe and Africa: potatoes, tomatoes, corn, turkey
Europe–> Americas: horses, cattle, chickens, rice, wheat
Name some impacts of the Columbian Exchange
All countries have massive population growth and overall better quality of life due to food opportunities, West Africans are sold by Spanish and Portuguese into slavery, spread of disease (SMALLPOX) mestizos or mixed blood, horses impact natives, encomienda system
What drove European exploration?
God- spread that country’s religion
gold-wealth, creation of joint stock companies (Jamestown 1607 by British)
glory- build an empire with power to beat competition
How was the view of non-white people affected by the discovery of the Americas?
Natives were seen as savages due to lack of knowledge on their culture, sold into slavery, stolen land, food, families, etc.
Give an example person who advocates for slavery of natives and one who protested it.
Juan de Sepulveda-Christians had the right to enslave them
Bartolome de Las Casas- believed natives deserved equal treatment and played huge role in ending encomienda system
How did the Spanish try to convert the Natives to Christianity?
Spanish mission systems- outposts set up throughout Americas that served as military bases as well. Native practices were suppressed and Christianity forced
Give an example of how the Africans “rebelled” against the Europeans trying to dispel their culture.
Maroon communities- runaways would gather in the Caribbean islands to live in peace, some incorporated Christian elements into their customs
What was the encomienda system?
Developed in 16th century. Spain would grant royal charters to spaniards and in return they must convert any natives on the land to Catholicism, take tribute from them as well- either labor or gold
How were the natives affected by the encomienda system?
It was a form of cruel and unusual punishment: low wages, high death rate, back breaks work, ripped from families, disease spread easily, under nourished, etc.
What contributed to the downfall of the encomienda system and what was it replaced by?
Catholic’s protesting harsh treatment (BDLC), mestizos were not allowed to be enslaved.
Replaced by African labor
Compare the Spanish, French/Dutch, and British motives and plans for colonization.
Spanish-want $, exploit slaves (encom. Sys.), convert them, trade with them
French/Dutch- good relationships with natives, traded furs, intermarried, lived among them, gave OPTION to convert
British- men & woman immigrants, want $, religious freedom, better living conditions, accepting of other counties immigrants. Bases on agriculture (tobacco) kept distance with natives
