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Pharmacology > Antiparasitics > Flashcards

Antiparasitics Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

symptoms of amebiasis

A

mild diarrhea to fulminating dysentery

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2
Q

form of entamoeba histolytica and where they survive

A

cysts (survive outside the body)

trophozoite (do not survive outside body)

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3
Q

what are mixed antamebics and name them

A

Metronidazole and Tinidazole

they are active against luminal and systemic disease

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4
Q

what happens to metronidazole once it is absorbed aka mechanism of the drug

A

nonenzymatically reduced by reacting with ferredoxin –> production of cytotoxic compounds –> bind to protein and DNA –> CELL DEATH

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5
Q

adverse effects of metronidazole

A
  • Disulfiram like reaction
  • Dark colored urine
  • Unpleasant metallic taste
  • GI distress
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6
Q

what is Tinidazole used for and compare it to metronidazole

A

-better tolerated than metronidazole and has shorter duration of effects

used for amebiasis, amebic liver abscesses, giardiasis, trichomoniasis

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7
Q

what are the luminal antiamebics

A

Diloxanide Furoate
Iodoquinol
Paromomycin

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8
Q

adverse effects of diloxanide furoate

A

mild GI distress

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9
Q

adverse effects of Iodoquinol

A

if used long term –> optic neuritis

dose related peripheral neuropathy

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10
Q

mechanism of paromomycin

A

aminoglycoside antibiotic that causes cell membrane to leak by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis by binding to 30S

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11
Q

adverse effect of paromomycin

A

GI distress and diarrhea

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12
Q

what are the systemic antiamebics and what they are used to treat

A

Chloroquine
Emetine
Dehydroemetine

used for treating liver abscesses or intestinal wall infections

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13
Q

mechanism of chloroquine

A

it eliminates trophozoites in liver abscesses

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14
Q

mechanism of emetine and dehydroemetine

A

inhibits protein synthesis by blocking ribosomal movement along messenger RNA

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15
Q

adverse effects of emetine and dehydroemetine

A

Pain at site of injection
Cardiotoxicity
Neuromuscular Weakness

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16
Q

what are the three helminths and describe them

A

Nematodes - elongated roundworms that cause infection of intestine, blood, and tissue

Trematodes - leaf shaped flatworms: liver, intestinal, or blood flukes

Cestodes - flat, segmented bodies that attach to host’s intestines

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17
Q

how do antihelminths works

A
  • locally to expel worms from GI tract

- systemically to eradicate adult helminths or developmental forms

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18
Q

what are the benzimidazoles and a common contraindication they all share

A

Albendazole
Mebendazole
Thiabendzole

Pregnancy

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19
Q

mechanism of Albendazole

A

inhibits microtubule synthesis and glucose uptake –> reduction of ATP production –> worm immobilization –> death

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20
Q

what is Albendazole used to treat

Study These Flashcards
A

cestodal infections like

  • Cysticercosis (Tania Solium)
  • Hyatid disease (Echinococcus)
21
Q

adverse of albendazole

Study These Flashcards
A

inflammatory responses to dying parasites in CNS

-headache, hyperthermia, vomiting, convulsions

22
Q

contraindications of albendazole

Study These Flashcards
A

pregnancy and children under 2

23
Q

mechanism of mebendazole

Study These Flashcards
A

inhibits formation of helminths microtubules by irreversibly blocking glucose uptake –> parasites expelled in feces

24
Q

clinical applications of mebendazole

Study These Flashcards
A

Whipworm - Trichuris
Pinworm - Enterobius Vermicularis
Hookworms - Necator americanus and Anyclostoma duodenale
Roundworms - Ascaris

25
contraindication of mebendazole
pregnancy cautious in those under 2 and those with cirrhosis
26
mechanism of thiabendazole
affects microtubular aggregation
27
clinical applications of thiabendazole
Strongyloides Stercoralis (threadworm) Cutaneous Larva Migrans Trichinosis
28
adverse effects of thiabendazole
Stevens Johnson rash Erythema Multiforme CNS disturbances
29
mechanism of Ivermectin
GABA agonist --> Cl influx --> hyperpolarization of nerve/muscle cell --> paralysis of parasite --> death of parasite
30
clinical application of ivermectin
Strongyloides (STI) Onchera Volvulus Cutaneous Larva Migrans
31
adverse effect of Ivermectin and contraindication
Mazotti like reactions with onchoceriasis -fever, somnolence, dizziness, hypotension -Contraindicated in pregnancy and meningitis (may cross BBB)
32
What is Piperazine used to treat and its mechanism
GABA agonist that causes expulsion of warm by peristalsis --> used to treat pinworms and roundworms
33
contraindications of piperazine
seizure disorders
34
MOA of Pyrantel Pamoate and clinical application
depolarizing, neuromuscular blocker round worms, pinworms, hookworms
35
MOA of diethylcarbamazine and clinical application
immobilizes microfilariae and makes them susceptible to host defenses lymphatic filariasis, loiasis, and tropical eosinophilia
36
what are most diethylcarbamazine adverse effects due to and what is most common
due to host responses following damage or death of parasite leukocytosis
37
MOA of doxycycline and what it is used for
indirectly kills wolbachia (intracellular bacterial symbiont of filarial parasites) Wuchereria Bancrofti and Onchocerciasis
38
MOA of pranziquantel and clinical applications
increases permeability of cell membrane to calcium --> contracture and paralysis of worm --> detachment of suckers from blood vessel walls schistosomiasis and most trematode and cestode infections
39
adverse effects of pranziquantel and contraindications
drug interaction of CYP450 contraindicated in pregnancy, nursing mothers, and treatment of ocular cysticercosis
40
MOA and clinical application of bithionol
inhibition of helminth's electron transport chain drug of choice for fasciolosis (sheep liver fluke)
41
MOA and clinical app of niclosamide
inhibits mitochondrial phosphorylation of ADP --> lethal to cestode scolex and segments of cestode but not ova most cestode infections
42
what do you give before administering niclosamide and what do you avoid
give laxative to purge all dead segment of cestode in order to preclude digestion of and liberation of ova avoid alcohol within a day of giving dose
43
what are the antihelminths
PPPin bamDD ``` Piperazine Praziquantel Pyrantel Pamoate Ivermectin Niclosamide ``` ``` Bithionol Albendazole Mebendazole Diethylcarbamazine Doxycycline ```
44
what is pentamidine used for
hemolymphatic stage of trypanosomiasis and pneumocystis jirovecii infections
45
used for treatment of toxoplamosis
Pyrimethamine + Clindamycin or Sulfadiazine + folinic acid
46
treatment of leishmaniasis of all stages
sodium stibogluconate or amphoteracin B
47
uses to treat African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)
Suramin or Melarsoprol
48
what is co-trimoxazole used for (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole)
pneumocystic jirovecii infections

Pharmacology (79 decks)

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