BIOL 1260: female reproduction Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
organs of the female reproductive system
A
ovaries x2, uterine tubes x2, uterus, vagina, pudendum, and mammary glands
2
Q
mammary glands
A
are part of the female reproductive system and also the integumentary system
3
Q
function of ovaries
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to produce gametes/oocytes and to produce hormones
4
Q
what are the female gametes called?
A
oocytes
5
Q
what hormones do the ovaries produce?
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progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, and relaxin
6
Q
broad ligament
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is a fold of the parietal peritoneum and it attaches the lateral walls of the uterus to the ovaries via the mesovarium; looks like bat wings
7
Q
mesovarium
A
double fold of the parietal peritoneum which is located superior to the ovaries
8
Q
ovarian ligament
A
connects the ovaries to the uterus more directly
9
Q
suspensory ligament
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attaches the ovaries to the pelvic wall
10
Q
ligaments holding the ovaries in place
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the broad ligament (and its associated mesovarium), the suspensory ligament, and the ovarian ligament
11
Q
all hormones of the female reproductive system
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estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, inhibin, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone
12
Q
layers of the ovaries
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germinal epithelium, tunica albuginea, ovarian cortex, and ovarian medulla
13
Q
germinal epithelium
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simple cuboidal to simple squamous; outer layer of the ovaries
14
Q
where do germ cells for the female reproductive cells come from?
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migrate from the yolk sac during embryonic development
15
Q
tunica albuginea
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a whitish capsule of dense irregular CT that offers protection in the ovaries; deep to the germinal epithelium
16
Q
ovarian cortex
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consists of ovarian follicles and is rich in collagen and fibroblast-like cells; deep to the tunica albuginea
17
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name of fibroblast-like cells in the ovarian cortex
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stromal cells
18
Q
order of developing follicles
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oogonium > primordial follicle > primary follicle > secondary follicle > mature follicle (then ovulation) > corpus luteum > corpus albican
19
Q
follicles
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consist of oocyte in various stages of development along with the various cells surrounding them
20
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follicular cells
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oocytes when surrounded by a single layer of cells
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granulosa cells
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oocytes when they are surrounded by many layers
22
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purpose of cells surrounding oocytes
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to nourish the oocyte and to secrete estrogens
23
Q
what happens as the follicle increases in size?
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the amount of estrogen being secreted also increases; this is a positive feedback loop
24
Q
mature follicle
A
is fluid filled and ready to rupture and release secondary oocytes into the fallopian tubes (ovulation)
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ovulation process meaning
is the process of shooting the secondary oocyte into the uterine tube
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corpus luteum
aka yellow body; the remnants of the follicle after ovulation; is also an endocrine structure
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what does the corpus luteum produce?
estrogen, progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin
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what happens to the corpus luteum a few weeks after ovulation?
it degenerates into fibrous scar tissue and becomes the corpus albicans
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corpus albicans
the degeneration of the corpus luteum that is nonfunctional
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ovarian medulla
contains vessels, lymphatics and nerves; anatomy is similar to cortex but the CT is more loosely arranged here
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oogenesis
is the formation of an ovum (egg) and this process begins prenatally
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what does oogenesis start with?
primordial germ cells (PGCs)
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primordial germ cells
precursor to ovum that migrates from the yolk sac to the ovaries during the embryonic stage; here is goes through a series of cell division to generate oocytes
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oogonia
are diploid (2n), divide by mitosis, and produce millions of germ cells
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what do most oogonia degenerate by?
atresia
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what do remaining oogonia develop into?
large, primary oocytes and these enter prophase I of meiosis where they arrest until puberty
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primordial follicle
first stage of follicular development and are present in the arrested stage of development (before puberty) and contain the primary oocyte
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what is each primordial follicle surrounded by?
a single flat layer of follicular cells and a basement membrane; this is embedded within the ovarian medulla which contains collagen fibres and stromal cells
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where are FSH and LH secreted from?
the anterior pituitary gland
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what stimulates the development of the primordial follicles into primary follicles?
FSH and LH
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primary follicles
contains the primary oocyte that is surrounded the zona pellucida, granulosa cells, and a basement membrane; this is further surrounded by theca folliculi which is part of the ovarian medulla
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theca folliculi
surrounds the primary follicle and are stromal cells that have formed a more organized layer
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zona pellucida
surrounds the primary oocyte in the primary follicle; this is a glycoprotein layer
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secondary follicle
contains primary oocyte surrounded by the zona pellucida, the corona radiata, the antrum, the basement membrane, and the theca folliculi (now has two layers)
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antrum
begins in the secondary follicle and is formed by granulosa cells that secrete a follicular fluid
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when does the theca folliculi separate into two layers?
at the secondary follicle stage
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theca externa
consists of stromal cells and collagen fibres, and helps the secondary follicle to blend in with the surrounding cortex
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theca interna
clear layer present in the secondary follicle
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another name for mature follicles
graafian
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mature follicles
contains a secondary oocyte surrounded by zona pellucida, corona radiata, a much larger antrum (filled with follicular fluid), a basement membrane, and the two layers of the theca folliculi
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what follicle is the one that ovulates?
the mature follicle
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when does the primary oocyte finish meiosis?
after puberty and just before ovulation, com
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result of completed meiosis I
2 haploid cells; one secondary oocyte and the first polar body
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what begins meiosis II?
the secondary oocyte and the first polar body
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what stage is the secondary oocyte arrested in?
metaphase II; this will complete after fertilization
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what occurs to the secondary oocyte after fertilization?
meiosis II resumes, the oocyte splits into an ovum and a second polar body, and then the diploid zygote forms
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what happens as you get further from the germinal epithelium?
the oocytes are becoming more developed
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what stage of development are primordial follicles in?
arrested meiosis I (prophase I) before puberty
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what does the primordial follicle develop into the primary follicle?
after puberty and the primary oocyte will be surrounded by a follicle
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when does the secondary follicle develop to the mature follicle?
after meiosis I is completed and haploid cells are formed
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when is meiosis II completed?
when fertilization occurs
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uterine tubes
aka fallopian tubes or oviducts; extend laterally from the ovaries to the uterus; function to be a road for sperm to reach the secondary oocyte and also help the zygote travel to the uterus
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what is the name of the terminal end of the uterine tube?
the fundibulum of the uterine tube
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the fundibulum of the uterine tube
helps to transport the ovulated oocyte to the tube
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fimbriae of the uterine tube
are finger-like projections of the tube; once attaches to the ovary but the rest are free floating
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what are the ends of the infundibulum of the uterine tube called?
fimbriae
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what is the main passageway of the uterine tube called?
the ampulla; this is the longest and widest part
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what part of the uterine tube drains into the uterus?
the isthmus; thinner area and thick-walled
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parts of the uterine tube
infundibulum, fimbriae, ampulla, and isthmus
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3 layers of the uterine tube
mucosa, muscularis, and serosa
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mucosa of the uterine tube
simple columnar epithelium containing ciliated cells and peg cells and is surrounded by a lamina propria
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peg cells
found in the uterine tube and are non-ciliated cells that have microvilli and secrete fluid that provides nutrition to the ovum while in the tube
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function of cilia in uterine tube
function to move oocytes and eventually the zygote into the uterus
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muscularis of the uterine tube
inner thick layer of circular smooth muscle and outer thin layer of longitudinal smooth muscle; these create peristaltic contractions to help move the zygote or oocyte
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serosa of the uterine tube
is the visceral peritoneum
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the uterus
is a pathway for sperm to reach the uterine tubes and also is the site where the embryo and fetus develop
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where is the uterus positioned?
between the bladder and the rectum
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size and shape of uterus
similar to an upside down pear; size varies based on if fetus is present
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3 divisions of the uterus
fundus, body, and cervix
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fundus of the uterus
dome shaped and it located at the superior region above the tubes
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body of the uterus
the central region
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cervix
inferior narrow region of the uterus that empties into the vagina
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what connects the body of the uterus to the cervix?
the isthmus
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uterine cavity
interior area of the body
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cervical canal
the interior of the cervix
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external os
is where the cervical canal opens up into the vagina
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internal os
is when the cervical canal opens into the uterine cavty
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anteflexion position meaning
refers to the uterus projecting anteriorly and superiorly over the bladder
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position of the cervix
projects inferior and posterior and enters the vagina almost at 90 degrees
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uterine ligaments
these are double folds of the parietal peritoneum and include the broad ligament, uterosacral ligaments, round ligaments, and cardinal ligaments
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uterosacral ligaments
lie on either side of the rectum and connects the uterus to the pelvic floor
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cardinal ligaments
located inferior to the broad ligament and extend from the pelvic wall to the cervix and vagina
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round ligaments
are bands of fibrous CT between the layer of the broad ligament; these extend from the inferior portion of the uterine tubes to a portion of the labia majora
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retroflexion
occurs when the uterus is positioned posteriorly rather than anteriorly; this is common after childbirth
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uterine prolpase
results from weakening of ligaments and the musculature of the pelvis and is when the cervix drops down into the vagina
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3 layers of the uterus
perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium
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perimetrium
is the outer layer of the uterus or and also the visceral peritoneum and is simple squamous epithelium combined with areolar tissue
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what gives rise to the broad ligaments?
the perimetrium
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myometrium
the middle layer of the uterus that is 3 layers of smooth muscle and function for childbirth; inner longitudinal layer, middle circular layer, and outer oblique layer
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endometrium
the inner layer of the uterus and is highly vascularized, contains glands, and lamina propria; 3 layers are mucosa, stratum functionalis and stratum basalis
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mucosa of the endometrium
simple columnar epithelium with cilia, secretory cells, and glands; deep to this is the lamina propria
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stratum functionalis
is a layer of the endometrium that falls off during menstruation and is constantly replaced
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stratum basalis
is part of the endometrium and is a permanent layer that gives rise to a new stratum functionalis via stem cells
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endometiral gland
goes deep into the uterus (as far as the stratum basalis) and secretes nourishing substances to the fetus
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perimetrial pouches
are formed by the outer layer of the uterus and includes the rectouterine pouch and the vesicouterine pouch
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vesicouterine pouch
is a pouch of the perimetrium that is formed right above the bladder
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rectouterine pouch
is a pouch of the perimetrium formed near the rectum
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vasculature of the uterus
internal iliac artery > arcuate arteries > radial arteries > straight or spiral arterioles
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arcuate arteries
are arranged circular around the myometrium
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radial arteries
penetrate deep into the myometrium
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straight arterioles
are permanent and supply the stratum basalis
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spiral arterioles
supply the stratum functionalis and change during the cycle
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what produces cervical mucus?
the secretory cells of the mucosa of the cervix
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what does cervical mucus consist of?
water, glycoproteins, lipids, enzymes, and salts
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what is cervical mucus like during mid/late ovulation and why?
less viscous and more alkaline; this makes it sperm friendly due to high pH
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cervical mucus not during or after ovulation?
is viscous and forms a cervical plug that prevents sperm from entering the uterus
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what is the source of energy for sperm?
cervical mucus
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the vagina
extends from exterior of body to the cervix; 3 functions, to be an area for the penis, to be an outlet for menstrual flow, and to be a passageway for childbirth
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position of the vagina
between the rectum and bladder; it extends superiorly and posteriorly until it meets the cervix
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mucosa of the vagina
epithelium is non-keratinized stratified squamous, surrounded by a lamina propria; epithelium also makes rugae
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what does the mucosa of the vagina produce?
glycogen; this decomposes into organic acid, creating a low pH
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low pH of the vagina
makes an inhospitable space for microorganisms and sperm (semun is alkaline)
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muscularis of the vagina
inner layer of longitudinal smooth muscle and outer layer of circular smooth muscle
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adventitia of the vagina
consists of areolar CT and anchors the vagina to adjacent organs (urethra, bladder, rectum, and anal canal)
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3 layers of the vagina
mucosa, muscularis, and adventitia
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hymen
is a thin fold of vascularized mucus membrane that covers the inferior end of the vagina orfice during development
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vulva other name
pedenunum
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vulva
is the external genitalia of the female
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mons pubis
is an elevation of adipose tissue that is covered by skin and pubic hair; functions for protection
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labia majora
two longitudinal folds of skin that are rich in adipose tissue, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands, and are also covered by pubic hair
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labia minora
is two smaller folds of skin that lack pubic hair and sweat glands but still have sebaceous glands
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sebaceous glands in the vulva
produce an antimicrobial substance via an oily material that also provides lubrication during sex
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clitoris
has two erectile bodies that become enlarged during sex and have a large number of nerves and blood vessels and is covered by a thin layer of skin called the prepuce
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prepcuce
thin layer of skin that covers the clitoris
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exposed portion of the clitoris
the glans
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the vestibule
is the area between the labia minora; contains the hymen, the vaginal orifice, external urethral orifice, and a number of ducts and glands
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paraurethral glands
aka skene's glands; are found on either side of the external vaginal orifice and produce mucus
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greater vestibular glands
on either side of the external vaginal orifice; aka bartholin's gland; secrete mucus
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bulb of the vestibule
contains two elongated masses of erectile tissue deep to the labia; these become engorged with blood during arousal and put pressure on the penis
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the perineum
is a diamond shaped region that is medial to the thighs and contains the external genitals and anus; bounded anteriorly by the pubic symphysis, laterally by the hips, and posteriorly by the coccyx
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seperations of the perineum
divides it into the anterior urogenital triangle (contains external genitals) and the. posterior anal triangle (contains the anus)
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estrogen function
development of female reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics (adipose tissue in breast, hips, mons pubis, etc.), increases protein anabolism, lowers blood cholesterol, regenerates the stratum functionalis, and regulates GnFH/FSH/LH only at moderate levels! (not high levels)
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moderate levels of estrogen
inhibits LH/FSH (due to corpus luteum and other hormones, mainly inhibin)
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high levels of estrogen
activates LH
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progesterone
secreted by the cells of the corpus luteum, functions for endometrium repair, preparation of mammary glands, and at high levels it inhibits GnRH/LH
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what is progesterone secreted by?
cells of the corpus luteum
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relaxin
produced in small amounts by the corpus luteum, it relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions of the myometrium, and is associated with pregnancy
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how does relaxin work in pregnancy?
lots is secreted in pregnancy by the placenta and functions to dilate the uterine cervix and increase the flexibility of the pubic symphysis
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inhibin
is secreted by granulosa cells of growing follicles and the corpus luteum after ovulation and its job is to inhibit the secretion of FSH and LH
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3 phases of the uterine cycle
menstrual phase, proliferative phase, and secretory phase
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menstrual phase of the uterine cycle
during this phase the stratum functionalis is shed off, causes the endometrium to shrink
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why does the shedding of the stratum functionalis occur?
because there is no estrogen or progesterone being produced once the corpus luteum dies
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proliferative phase
this is due to high amounts of estrogens that are coming from the growing follicle and in this phase the stratum functionalis is growing lots; short and straight endometrial glands are forming and the arterioles are also going to start coiling
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what hormone(s) are present during the menstrual phase?
none
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what hormone(s) are present during the proliferative phase?
estrogen
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what hormone(s) are present during the secretory phase?
estrogen and progesterone
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secretory phase
involves more growth of the endometrium, coiling of the glands, and vascularization of the endometrium; the glands begin to become active and secrete glycogen into the lumen
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what is secreted during the secretory phase?
glycogen
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3 phases of the ovarian cycle
menstrual phase, pre-ovulatory phase, and post-ovulatory phase
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pre-ovulatory phase
initiates the development of primary follicles into the secondary follicles via LH and FSH; one follicle becomes dominant and then secretes a lot of estrogen
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what hormones are high during the preovulatory phase?
estrogen
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what hormones are high during the postovulatory phase?
estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and relaxin due to the corpus luteum
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what occurs when high levels of estrogen are produced by the follicle?
this goes to the hypothalamus which releases GnRH (this activates the anterior pituitary) and also goes directly to the anterior pituitary, causing it to make more FSH and LH
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result of FSH and LH action
causes the follicle to grow more
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positive feedback loop of estrogen, LH, and FSH
growing follicle produces estrogen, which goes to the brain and causes LH and FSH to be produced, causing the follicle to grow and so on until it ruptures
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medium amount of estrogen via production of the corpus luteum
the medium amount of estrogen will inhibit the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH and the hypothalamus to produce GnRH; this occurs in the post-ovulatory phase
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when is GnRH produced?
around puberty
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FSH
follicle stimulating hormone; stimulates follicles to develop
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LH
luteinizing hormone; triggers ovulation and the production of the luteus corpus
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what stimulates the repair of the endometrium?
the estrogen in the bloodstream provided by the growing follicles
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what does the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle correspond to in the ovarian cycle?
pre-ovulatory phase (high estrogen levels)
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what occurs to the corpus luteum is fertilization occurs?
its function is recused for a few more weeks until the placenta can supply these hormones
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what does menstrual flow consist of?
blood, mucus, dead epithelium, and tissue fluid that all come from the endometrium
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what causes menstrual flow?
the absence of hormones due to the absence of the corpus luteum
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what inhibits other follicles from developing?
estrogen released by the mature follicle
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what surrounds the oocyte during ovulation?
the zona pellucida and corona radiata
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another name for the postovulatory phase
luteal phase
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corpus hemorrhagium
is the mature follicle after it collapses; this is a mixture of theca interna cells with granulosa cells that get clumped together and give rise to the corpus luteum
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hormones right before ovulation
there is a spike in FSH and LH, as well as estrogen all due to the growing follicle
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is what part of the cycle is progesterone high?
post-ovulation
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what does the postovulatory phase correspond to in the uterine phase?
the secretory phase
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how is the new stratum functionalis produced?
via mitosis of the basalis layer
