BIOL: intrinsic and innate immunity Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
classic inflammation response (latin version)
A
calor, tumor, rubor, and dolar
2
Q
calor
A
refers to heat
3
Q
tumor
A
refers to swelling
4
Q
rubor
A
refers to redness
5
Q
dolar
A
refers to pain and loss of function
6
Q
acronym for inflammation symptoms
A
PRISH; pain, redness, immobility, swelling, and heat
7
Q
adjuvants
A
inflammatory molecules that are added to vaccines are help non-infectious agents replicate and initiate a host immune response
8
Q
inflammation
A
is a nonspecific response to tissue damage and is part of the innate response of the immune system to help heal and attack the injectious agent
9
Q
how might tissue damage occur?
A
excess heat or cold, chemical damage, UV damage, cuts, pathogens, etc .
10
Q
acute inflammation
A
develops quickly and is beneficial because it eliminates causes; is usually quite localized
11
Q
chronic inflammation
A
is long-lasting, damages tissues, and causes diseases; is a result of the immune system overreacting
12
Q
ex. of a chronic inflammation
A
rheumatoid arthritis or Crohn’s disease
13
Q
what is the first response in inflammation?
A
vasodilation and increased blood vessel permeability
14
Q
what is the result of vasodilation and increased permeability?
A
allows for cells to migrate from the bloodstream into the ISF; this is what causes redness and temperature in the inflammatory response
15
Q
what does blood clotting trigger the release of?
A
this initial source of injury activates bradykinin and histamine, and these are mediators that cause vasodilation
16
Q
what causes vasodilation of the vessels?
A
histamine and bradykinins
17
Q
what causes increased permeability of the blood vessels?
A
prostaglandins and leukotrienes which are activated by the wound
18
Q
diapedesis
A
the process of WBCs migrating from the blood circulation to specific sites of injury due to increased permeability of the vessels
19
Q
how long does it take for phagocytosis to begin after inflammation?
A
1 hour
20
Q
what are neutrophils attracted to?
A
kinins, prostaglandins, and complement
21
Q
what are prostaglandins released from?
A
damaged cells
22
Q
what is a fever?
A
an abnormally high body temperature caused by the reset of the hypothalamic thermostat
23
Q
why does the heat of a fever do?
A
intensifies the effect of inferons, inhibits the growth of microorganisms, and speeds up the body reactions that aid in repair
24
Q
another name for blood clotting
A
hemostasis
25
3 stages in hemostasis
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation
26
vascular spasm
first stage of hemostasis; vessels constrict to limit blood flow to the area (tunica media smooth muscle), inhibiting blood loss
27
three steps of the platelet plug formation
platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction, and platelet aggregation
28
platelet adhesion
the exposed collagen in the break of the vessel attracts platelets to the endothelium
29
platelet release reaction
changes the shape and appearance of platelets, allowing them to attach to each other around the wound, while also releasing their products from their vesicles
30
what materials do platelets release?
liberated ADP, thromboxane A2, and serotonin
31
what released platelet factors activate nearby platelets?
ADP and thromboxane A2
32
what released platelet factors maintain contraction of the vessels?
serotonin and thromboxane A2
33
platelet aggregation
as a result of activated platelets that release chemicals, a platelet plug is formed to block the wound (a group of many platelets that form a 'plug')
34
fibrin
is activated to make blood clots after the platelet plug is formed
35
what clotting factors begins the blood clot formation?
tissue factor which is part of the extrinsic pathway
36
what ion is essential for blood clot formation
calcium
37
what does the extrinsic pathway activate?
factor X
38
what is the result of factor X?
prothrombinase (an enzyme), which converts prothrombin to thrombin
39
what is thrombin?
converts fibrinogen to fibrin
40
fibrinogen
converted to fibrin by thrombin; it is an inactive protein that circulates in the blood
41
intrinsic pathway
can be activated by thrombin and this is a positive feedback mechanism that triggers more production of prothrombinase to eventually produce more fibrin
42
three jobs of thrombin
convert fibrinogen to fibrin, reinforce the strength of the threads, and via a positive feedback mechanism triggers the production of prothrombinase via the intrinsic pathway
43
how many clotting factors are there?
12
44
clot retraction
is the tightening of the fibrin clot; as it tightens, the edges of the wound are brought closer together and fibroblasts can start doing their job
45
role of fibroblasts in clot formation
they make underlying CT to repair the gap in the vessel
46
vitamin K significance
vitamin K is significant for being a precursor for a numerous amount of clotting factors (4/12)
47
how is vitamin K created?
as a waste product of E coli in the large intestine
48
vitamin K deficiency
can be dangerous for abnormal blood clotting
49
why can blood clotting be dangerous?
it can create blood clots that can create obstructions
50
fibrinolytic system
is a complicated pathway that interacts with the clotting pathway; plasminogen is converted to plasmin, which inactivates fibrin to dissolve the clot
51
plasminogen
is an inactive enzyme that gets incorporated into the clot; is later converted to plasmin
52
plasmin
created from plasminogen and inactives fibrin to dissolve the clot
53
what converts plasminogen to plasmin
chemicals in the blood and healthy body tissues
54
two anti-blood clotting drugs
heparin and warfarin (coumarin)
55
heparin
is given via injection to prevent or delay blood clots from forming via blocking clotting factors
56
what does heparin interact with in the blood
antithrombin III, enhancing its ability to inhibit blood clotting factors
57
APTT
activated partial thromboplastin time; this isolates blood plasma and adds calcium and some downstream effect like a phospholipid, then the intrinsic pathway is activated and clotting time is measured
58
warfarin
this blocks the reactions in the liver to make vitamin K, thus inhibiting the formation of clotting factors (specifically it inhibits 4); longer effects
59
prothrombin time
measures the extrinsic pathway by adding tissue factor, then calcium, which then activates the intrinsic pathway
60
APPT and PT
PT < APTT
61
intrinsic immunity
is the non-specific first line of defence that is the skin and the mucus membrane
62
what is part of the skin and mucus membranes?
epidermis (sweat, sebum, dead cells), mucus membranes (cilia and mucus), lacrimal apparatus (lysozyme), saliva (contains antibacterial chemicals), urine (flow cleanses the urethra), defecation/vomiting, and gastric juice (low pH)
63
lysozyme
an enzyme that targets bacterial cell walls to create osmotic forces and is found in tears to protect the conjunctiva
64
innate immunity
second line of defence that is non-specific and include interferons, the complement system, and phagocytosis
65
complement system
a defence system that consists of over 30 proteins that are constantly circulating in the bloodstream waiting to be activated
66
3 results of activated complement system
phagocytosis, inflammation responses, and cytolysis
67
cytolysis
a combination of proteins insert themselves into the membrane of a microorganisms, breaking down concentration gradients which cause them to die
68
3 complement activating pathways
classical, alternative, and lectin
69
classical pathway
occurs when an antigen binds to an antibody triggering the complement pathway
70
alternative pathway
activates the complement system by microbe specific lipid carbohydrate complexes on the surface of microorganisms that are specific to them
71
lectin pathway
is produced when a macrophage releases certain chemicals after they have phagocytosed a new invade; this produces lectin which activates the liver to produce lectin, activating complement
72
iron binding proteins
iron need bacteria to live so free circulating iron in the body needs to be protected
73
key iron proteins
transferrin, ferritin, lactoferrin, hemoglobin, and myoglobin
74
where is transferrin found?
plasma and ISF
75
where is ferritin found?
the liver
76
where is lactoferrin found?
milk, saliva, and mucus
77
where is hemoglobin found?
RBCs
78
where is myoglobin found?
muscle cells
79
4 antimicrobial proteins
dermcidin, defensins, cathelicidins, and thrombocid
80
dermcidin
produced in sweat glands and function to create osmotic forces to kill bacteria
81
defensins
are naturally released by macrophages, neutrophils, and epithelia
82
cathelicidins
are released by macrophages, neutrophils, and epithelia
83
thromdocidin
released by platelets
84
what are functions of antimicrobial proteins?
they kill the microorganism in question and attract dendritic cells (phagocytes) and mast cells (histamine) to the scene
85
natural killer cell
is a lymphocyte that kill foreign material by directly attaching to to its receptors and releasing destructive proteins
86
where are natural killer cells found?
the spleen, red bone marrow, lymph nodes, and blood
87
destructive proteins released by natural killer cells
perforin and granzyme
88
perforin
released by natural killer cells and put a hole in the membrane, creating osmotic forces
89
granzyme
released by natural killer cells and make the target cell undergo apoptosis
90
apoptosis
programmed cell death
91
what are the first responders to an injury site or infection?
neutrophils and macrophages (large phagocytes)
92
2 types of macrophages
fixed or wandering
93
wandering macrophages
actively undergoing phagocytosis
94
fixed macrophages
defensive cells for important tissues; ex. kupfer cells or microglial cells
95
first stage of phagocytosis
chemotaxis
96
what does hemostasis prevent?
hemorrhages
97
where are complement proteins created?
in the liver
98
how is phagocytosis complement activated?
the complement system tags proteins onto the microorganism, making them attracted to a phagocytic cell
99
opsonization
the addition of proteins to a microorganism to enhance the phagocytosis process
100
most commonly used antimicrobial proteins
decisions and defensins
101
why does redness occur for inflammation?
vasodilation
102
what causes heat for inflammation?
vasodilation
103
why does swelling occur in inflammation?
excess ISF due to increased permeability of the vessel
104
why does pain occur in inflammation?
increased ISF puts pressure on nerves
105
extrinsic pathway
damage to a vessel releases tissue factor and this is spreads into the bloodstream, and through a series of steps, activates factor X, resulting in prothrombinase
106
extrinsic/intrinsic activation times
extrinsic occurs fast but doesn't last long, whereas intrinsic takes longer to occur but has permanent effects
107
another name for warfarin
coumarin
108
components of the innate system
antimicrobial proteins, macrophages, complement proteins, interferons, iron binding proteins, and natural killer cells
109
what does plasmin inactivate?
prothrombin and fibrinogen
110
heparin vs coumarin
coumarin takes longer for results but is more long lasting than heparin; coumarin also is taken orally, whereas heparin is given via injection
