HLTH 2501: urinary tract obstructions, vascular disorders, and congenital disorders

Question 1

what is the urinary tract often obstructed by in older men?

Answer 1

benign prostatic hypertrophy or prostatic cancer

Question 2

common urinary tract obstructions

Answer 2

tumors, inflammation, scarring, stenosis, congenital defects, and renal calculi

Question 3

kidney stones two other names

Answer 3

urolithiasis or renal calculi

Question 4

kidney stones

Answer 4

can develop anywhere in the urinary tract and tend to form when there is an excessive amount of relatively insoluble salts in the filtrate or when fluid intake is insufficient; these can commonly cause infections

Question 5

staghorn calculus

Answer 5

is a very large stone that forms in the renal pelvis and calyces in the shape of a deer’s antlers

Question 6

how do kidneys stones develop?

Answer 6

once solid material forms, deposits continue to build up on this nidus, a form a larger mass along with cell debris

Question 7

treatment for small kidney stones

Answer 7

increasing fluid intake

Question 8

hydronephrosis

Answer 8

stretched or swollen kidneys that can develop from kidney stones, scar tissue, tumors, or untreated prostatic enlargement

Question 9

what are kidney stones composed of?

Answer 9

calcium salts mainly, as well as small amounts of uric acid, struvite, or cystine

Question 10

struvite

Answer 10

magnesium ammonium phosphate; found in kidney stones

Question 11

calcium stones

Answer 11

consist of phosphate, oxalate, or carbonate and form when calcium levels in the urine and high because of hypercalcemia, perhaps because of a parathyroid tumor or metabolic disorder

Question 12

when are calcium stones likely to form?

Answer 12

when the urine is highly alkaline, when there is inadequate fluid intake, and in those who are vegetarian

Question 13

uric stones

Answer 13

develop due to hyperuricemia due to gout, high purine diets, or chemo, especially when the urine is acidic

Question 14

signs of kidney stones

Answer 14

back pain, renal colic attack (pain in the back that radiates to the groin), nausea, vomiting, cool, moist skin, and rapid pulse

Question 15

another name for back pain

Answer 15

flank pain

Question 16

what confirms the diagnosis of kidney stones?

Answer 16

radiologic examination

Question 17

treatment for kidney stones

Answer 17

small stones will pass on their own; larger stones may be treated with extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, laser lithotripsy, and sometimes surgery

Question 18

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

Answer 18

uses sound waves to break up the kidney stone

Question 19

laser lithotripsy

Answer 19

uses a ureteroscope to located to stone and a scope-mounted laser to destroy it

Question 20

surgical removal of kidney stones procedure

Answer 20

is called a percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Question 21

what does continued buildup of urine cause?

Answer 21

necrosis of tissue and direct pressure and compression of the blood vessels

Question 22

hydronephrosis signs

Answer 22

usually is asymptomatic but may be back pain

Question 23

tumors in the urinary tract

Answer 23

are rare and are often malignant tumors of the bladder that occur in men over 50

Question 24

most common type of urinary tract cancer

Answer 24

bladder cancer

Question 25

renal cell carcinoma

Answer 25

is a primary tumor arising from the tubule epithelium, more often in the renal cortex

Question 26

renal cell carcinoma spread

Answer 26

often metastases to the liver, lungs, bones, or CNS where it is diagnosed

Question 27

who is renal cell carcinoma common in?

Answer 27

men and smokers over 45

Question 28

signs of renal cell carcinoma

Answer 28

painless hematuria, dull, aching back pain, unexplained weight loss, anemia, and paraneoplastic syndromes such as hypercalcemia or cushing syndrome

Question 29

treatment for renal cell carcinoma

Answer 29

removing the kidney, as the kidneys are not responsive to chemo or radiation

Question 30

bladder cancer

Answer 30

are often malignant tumors in the transitional epithelium lining the bladder in the trigone area; it often develops as multiple tumors are tends to reccur

Question 31

how is bladder cancer diagnosed?

Answer 31

urine cytology and biopsy

Question 32

where does bladder cancer tend to metastasize to?

Answer 32

the pelvic lymph nodes, liver, and bone

Question 33

bladder cancer signs

Answer 33

hematuria, infection, dysuria, and frequency

Question 34

common population of those with bladder cancer

Answer 34

those working with chemicals such as dyes, rubber, or aluminum, cigarette smokers, and those taking lots of analgesics

Question 35

treatment for bladder cancer

Answer 35

surgery, chemo, radiation, and photoradiation

Question 36

photoradiation

Answer 36

is a combination of drug and laser treatment and has been successful for bladder cancer

Question 37

nephrosclerosis

Answer 37

involves vascular changes similar to arteriosclerosis in the kidney that involves thickening and narrowing of the walls, causing occlusion of the lumina

Question 38

result of nephrosclerosis

Answer 38

reduced blood supply to kidneys, causing ischemia and atrophy, increasing renin secretion, and increased blood pressure; destruction of the renal tissue and chronic renal failure may also occur

Question 39

causes of nephrosclerosis

Answer 39

can be a lesion, secondary to hypertension, or diabetes mellitus

Question 40

treatment for nephrosclerosis

Answer 40

antihypertensive agents, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, and decreased sodium intake

Question 41

types of urinary system congenital disorders

Answer 41

vesicoureteral reflux, agenesis, hypoplasia, ectopic kidney, and fusion

Question 42

vesicoureteral reflux

Answer 42

is caused by a defective valve in the bladde

Question 43

agenesis

Answer 43

refers to a developmental failure of one kidney to develop and is asymptomatic

Question 44

hypoplasia

Answer 44

is a failure of the kidneys to develop to normal size, and is often unilateral; can result from fibrosis

Question 45

ectopic kidney

Answer 45

is a kidney and its ureter out of normal position, ex. lower in the abdominal or pelvic cavity; kidney function is normal but the ureter may become kinked, causing obstruction or infection

Question 46

fusion of kidneys

Answer 46

can occur during developmental, resulting in a single horseshoe kidney with normal function

Question 47

adult polycystic kidney most common form

Answer 47

is genetic and transmitted on an autosomal dominant gene on chromosome 16

Question 48

adult polycystic kidney

Answer 48

manifestations usually don't appear until around age 40 when chronic renal failure becomes symptomatic and dialysis is required

Question 49

diagnosis for adult polycystic kidney

Answer 49

CT or MRI

Question 50

what happens in adult polycystic kidney?

Answer 50

multiple cysts develop in both kidneys and and gradually expand over the years, resulting in compression and destroyment of the kidney tissue leading to chronic renal failure

Question 51

what else may occur with adult polycystic kidney?

Answer 51

cysts can be found on other organs like the liver or cerebral aneurysms are found

Question 52

polycystic disease in children

Answer 52

is transmitted as a recessive gene and manifests at birth

Question 53

wilms tumor other name

Answer 53

nephroblastoma

Question 54

wilms tumor

Answer 54

is a rare, usually unilateral, tumor in children that is associated with defects in tumor-suppressor genes on chromosome 11 and may occur in conjunction with some other congenital defects

Question 55

signs of wilms tumor

Answer 55

around ages 3-4, clothes don't fit or a unilateral bulge appears, high BP may also be apparent as well as pulmonary metastases