HLTH module 4 review Flashcards
1
Q
capacitance vessels
A
term referring to large veins due to their reservoir for blood
2
Q
vasa vasorum
A
tiny blood vessels supplying the vessels
3
Q
elastic vessels
A
are large arteries
4
Q
veins vs arteries
A
veins have thinner walls and less smooth muscle
5
Q
norepinephrine and epinephrine roles in vasoconstriction
A
they do this by stimulating alpha1-adrenergic receptors in the vessel walls
6
Q
how much blood in the adult body?
A
5 L
7
Q
what might an elevated hematocrit indicate?
A
dehydration or excess of RBCs
8
Q
what might a low hematocrit indicate?
A
anemia or blood loss
9
Q
serum
A
refers to the fluid and solutes remaining after the cells and fibrinogen have been removed from the plasma
10
Q
globulins role
A
are antibodies
11
Q
common site for bone marrow biopsy
A
the iliac crest in the pelvic bone
12
Q
dyscrasia
A
refers to disorders of the blood involving cells
13
Q
when is erythropoiesis stimulated?
A
during hypoxia
14
Q
what substances does RBC production depend on?
A
amino acids, iron, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and folic acid
15
Q
hemoglobin composition
A
it consists of the globin portion, which is two pairs of amino acid chains, and four heme groups, each containing a ferrous iron atom, to which the oxygen molecule (O2) can attach
16
Q
oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin
A
oxy has O2 and is red and carried normally in arteries, whereas deoxy lacks oxygen and is more blue and commonly found in veins
17
Q
if CO2 is carried by hemoglobin, what does it bind to?
A
nitrogen in an amino acid group
18
Q
how can carbon monoxide poisoning be recognized?
A
bright cherry red colour in the face and lips
19
Q
what are old RBCs recycled into?
A
globin and heme
20
Q
what is globin broken down into?
A
amino acids
21
Q
hemochromatosis
A
iron overload
22
Q
what is heme broken down into?
A
bilirubin
23
Q
what are colony-stimulating factors produced by?
A
macrophages and T cells
24
Q
immature neutrophil name
A
band or stab
25
what drug interferes with blood clotting?
aspirin
26
factor II
prothrombin
27
factor I
fibrinogen
28
what is heparin released from?
mast cells or basophils
29
signs of a transfusion reaction
a feeling of warmth in the involved vein, flushed face, headache, fever and chills, pain in the chest and abdomen, decreased blood pressure, and rapid pulse
30
basic blood diagnostic test
complete blood count
31
mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH)
indicates the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
32
hemolink
made from human hemoglobin
33
hemopure
is made from cow hemoglobin
34
what is the major result of lymphatic disorders?
blood protein concentration and osmotic pressure due to a failure to return proteins to the circulation
35
functions of the spleen
defense (via macrophages), hematopoiesis, and red blood cell (RBC) and platelet destruction, as well as serving as a reservoir for blood
36
lymph is the thoracic duct
is protein rich
37
compensation mechanisms for low O2 in the blood
vasoconstriction and tachycardia
38
general effects of low O2
pallor, fatigue, dyspnea, tachycardia, agina (chest pain), inflamed GI tract, difficulty swallowing, anc cracked lips
39
causes of iron-deficiency anemia
diet, excessive loss of blood, malabsorption in the duodenum, or liver disease
40
appearance of iron-deficient cells
microcytic and hypochromic
41
megaloblastic anemia other name
pernicious anemia
42
megaloblastic anemia cell appearance
large, immature, and nucleated
43
megaloblastic anemia cause
deficit of B12 (or folic acid) due to a lack of intrinsic factor that results in impaired maturation of RBCs due to interference with DNA synthesis, in which they die early as a result
44
what other cells are also affected by megaloblastic anemia?
granulocytes may be immature and thrombocytes may be low
45
vitamin B12 and neurological function
lack of B12 can cause peripheral axon demyelination, interfering with nerve conduction; sensory nerves are affected first, then motor
46
causes of megaloblastic anemia
malabsorption caused by an autoimmune disease, alcoholism causing chronic gastritis, or from surgical procedures like a gastrectomy
47
ataxia
loss of muscle/motor coordination
48
signs of megaloblastic anemia
enlarged, sore, red, shiny tongue; gastric discomforts like nausea or diarrhea; and neurological defects like tingling or ataxia
49
treatment for megaloblastic anemia
vitamin B12 injections
50
aplastic anemia
is caused by impaired bone marrow, resulting in loss of stem cells and all blood cells
51
causes of aplastic anemia
myelotoxins (chemicals or radiation), viruses (hep C), autoimmune disorders (SLE), or myelodysplastic syndrome
52
signs of aplastic anemia
general anemia signs (pallor, fatigue, weakness), leukopenia that causes frequent infections, and thrombocytopenia petechiae, and tendency to bleed easy
53
thrombocytopenia petechiae
flat, red, pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin; associated with aplastic anemia
54
hemolytic anemia meaning
is excessive destruction of RBCs, leading to anemia; is sickle cell anemia and thalassemia
55
sickle cell anemia gene
is the HbS gene which is recessive and causes the amino acid normal glutamic acid component to be replaced with valine
56
sickle cell anemia
is a genetic disorder that causes the RBCs to take a crescent shape when in hypoxia, leading to excessive hemolysis of RBCs due to damaging their cell membrane
57
secondary effects of sickle cell anemia
thrombus formation, infarctions, obstruction of vessels, necrosis, jaundice, gallstones, and enlarged spleen
58
signs of sickle cell anemia
general anemia, jaundice, gallstones, pain, ulcers, CHF, delayed growth, intellectual impairment, and frequent infections
59
thalassemia
is a genetic condition is which one or more genes for hemoglobin are missing or variant, causing interference with globin chain production; this causes other chains to be in excess, damaging the RBC and causing hemolysis
60
heterozygous thalassemia name
cooley anemia
61
effects of thalassemia
enlarged liver and spleen, excessive bilirubin, hyperactive bone marrow, impaired growth, and heart failure
62
appearance of thalassemia cells
hypochromic and microcytic
63
hematemesis
vomiting blood
64
common causes of blood clotting
thrombocytopenia, liver disease, deficit of vitamin K, aspirin, anticoagulants, chemotherapy, radiation, leukemia, uremia (end stage kidney failure), and hemorrhagic fever (ebola)
65
hemophilia A
most common and is a deficiency of clotting factor VIII
66
hemophilia B
aka christmas disease; deficiency of clotting factor IX
67
hemophilia C
aka rosenthal; deficiency of clotting factor XI
68
hemophilia
is an X-linked recessive disorder so only manifests in men; it a deficit of a clotting factor (XIII, IX, or XI)
69
hemarthrosis
bleeding into the joints
70
hemophilia signs
frequent bleeding, hemarthrosis (bleeding into the joints), hematuria, hemorrhage, and recurrent infections
71
von willebrand disease
is caused by a deficiency of von willebrand factor and manifests similar to hemophilia
72
signs of von willebrand disease
easy bruising, skin rashes, nose bleeds, gum bleedings, and overall abnormal bleeding
73
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
condition involving excessive bleeding and clotting and is often secondary to other problems; it causes hemorrhage, hypotension, and shock
74
causes of disseminated intravascular coagulation
pregnancy problems related to the placenta, gram-negative endotoxins, trauma, or cancer
75
main substance in disseminated intravascular coagulation
thromboplastin
76
thrombophilia
is a genetic or inherited disorder causing abnormal blood clotting, leading to thrombus formation, embolism, MI, or stroke
77
myelodysplastic syndrome
refers to a group of disorders causing abnormal production of cells by the bone marrow; excludes aplastic anemia and deficiency dyscrasias
78
primary polycythemia
is a neoplastic disorder that occurs when the bone marrow produces more than normal RBCs and other cells; erythropoietin levels are low; aka vera
79
secondary polycythemia
is increased production of RBCs and other cells during hypoxia; erythropoietin levels are high
80
secondary effects of polycythemia
blood flow is sluggish, leading to thrombus formation, BP is high, the heart is hypertrophied, spleen and liver are enlarged, and hemorrhage may occur
81
signs of polycythemia
cyanosis, high BP, pruritic skin, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, dyspnea, headaches, and joint pain
82
leukemia
group of neoplastic disorders affecting WBCs, in which uncontrollable, immature and nonfunctional WBCs are released from the bone marrow
83
acute leukemias
are higher proportions of immature cells in which the onset is abrupt, and signs are marked with clear complications
84
chronic leukemias
the onset is mild and slow and a high proportion of mature, but nonfunctional cells are released from the bone marrow; prognosis is better
85
what cells are most often affected in acute lymphatic leukemia
precursors to B cells
86
Myelogenous leukemia
affects one or more of the granulocytes
87
secondary effects of leukemia
other cell production is suppressed, leading to anemia, thrombocytopenia, and decreased number of functional leukocytes, rapid turnover of cells leads to hyperuricemia and kidney stone formation, crowding causes pain on nerves, hemorrhage is common, and enlargement of the liver and spleen
88
Philadelphia chromosome
is present in most cases of chronic myeloblastic leukemia
89
pharmacology
is the study of drugs, their actions, dosage, therapeutic uses (indications), and adverse effects
90
pharmacodynamics
is the drug-induced responses of physiologic and biochemical systems
91
pharmacokinetics
drug amounts at different sites after administration
92
pharmacotherapeutics
choice and drug application for disease prevention, treatment, or diagnosis
93
contraindications
are circumstances in which the drug should not be taken
94
interactions
occur when a drug’s effect is modified by combining it with another drug, food, herbal compounds, or other material
95
potentiation
a type of drug interaction, whereby one drug enhances the effect of a second drug
96
dose
the amount of the drug taken at a single time
97
dosage
the total amount of the drug given over a period of time
98
loading dose
a larger dose given initially to achieve effects early on
99
intrathecal injection
injection into the meninges surrounding the spinal cord
100
enteric-coated tablets
is a special coating that prevents breakdown until the tablet is in the intestine, common with aspirin to prevent gastric irritation
101
what do drugs in the blood bind to?
plasma proteins
102
where are drugs metabolised and then excreted?
metabolised by the liver and excreted by the kidneys
103
what is it called when a drug bind to a receptor and stimulates activity?
agonist
104
what is it called when a drug bind to a receptor and inhibits activity?
antagonist
105
beta-adrenergic blocking agents
these drugs bind to beta receptors (involved in sympathetic response) and prevent epinephrine release, thus decreasing HR and BP
106
determining dose
the amount necessary to produce a therapeutic effect must be balanced with the level that may produce a toxic effect
107
generic name
the unique, official, simple name for a specific drug, ex. ibuprofen
108
brand or trade name
the trademark name assigned by a single manufacturer, and it is to be used only by that manufacturer, ex. advil
109
schedule II vs schedule V drug
schedule II has a high potential for abuse, whereas V does not
110
osteopaths
are medical doctors who use all the traditional treatment methods such as surgery and drugs, but in addition they promote the body’s natural healing processes by incorporating manipulations of the musculoskeletal system in both diagnosis and treatment
111
homeopathy
has the goal of stimulating the immune system and natural healing power in the body through the use of plant, animal, and mineral products
112
what can garlic help with?
cardiovascular health
113
qi
used in chinese medicine
114
ki
used in japanese medicine
115
three sources qi is derived from
inherited or ancestral factors, food ingested, and air breathed in
116
yin
lack of qi or cold
117
yang
excess of qi or hot
118
meridians
join body parts and organs together and are not to be confused with vessels or lymphatics
119
tsubo
japanese name for acupoints
120
moxibustion
is a form of acupuncture that specifically treats cold or deficiency patterns by burning moxa to produce pure yang energy that penetrates deeply into the body tissues to bring about relief
121
shiatsu
is the Japanese-refined version of Chinese anma massage, or acupuncture without needle
122
what does yoga improve?
the flow of prana
123
craniosacral therapy
deals with the characteristic ebb and flow pulsing rhythm of the meninges and cerebrospinal fluid around the brain and spinal cord
124
Ayurveda
indian practice that focuses on balancing body dosas
125
most common disease of the lymphatic system
Lymphadenopathy, which is inflamed or infection lymph nodes
126
lymphomas
are malignant neoplasms involving the proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes; two types are hodgkins and non-hodgkins
127
Hodgkin Disease
lymphoma starting in the lymph nodes, causing defective T lymphocytes and overall decreased lymphocytes due to the reed-sternberg cell; 4 types
128
most common staging system for Hodgkin disease
ann arbor system
129
stage I hodgkin's disease
affects a single lymph node
130
stage II hodgkin's disease
affects two or more lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm or in a relatively localized area
131
stage III hodgkin's disease
involves infected lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm and the spleen
132
stage IV hodgkin's disease
diffuse extralymphatic involvement such as bone, lung, or liver
133
signs of hodgkin's disease
general cancer symptoms, enlarged lymph node that is painless, enlarged liver and spleen, pruritus, and recurrent infections
134
hodgkin's disease treatment
chemo (ABVD cycle), radiation, and surgery
135
non-hodgkin's disease
is more rapid spreading and has more metastasis and reed sternberg cells are absent
136
multiple myeloma
neoplastic disease involving plasma cells which replace the bone marrow and erode bone, causing decreased cell production and decreased production of antibodies
137
secondary effects of multiple myeloma
common pathologic fractures, hypercalcemia, common infections, pain, anemia, and impaired kidney function (causing proteinuria)
138
proteinuria
protein in the urine
139
Lymphedema
is a condition in which the tissues in the extremities swell because of an obstruction of the lymphatic vessels and the subsequent accumulation of lymph
140
signs of lymphedema
edema that is initially soft but may become painful and frequent infections
141
Elephantiasis
this is a type of lymphedema caused primarily by an infestation and blockage of the lymph vessels of the extremities by a parasitic worm called filaria
142
podoconiosis
non filarial form of elephantiasis which is caused by volcanic ash
143
Elephantiasis signs
swelling, thickening of skin, frequent infections, skin ulcers, and fever
144
Castleman disease
refers to a group of inflammatory disorders. It is a rare illness that involves the overgrowth of lymphoid tissue; not considered a cancer but can be a risk for developing lymphoma
145
two types of castleman's disease
unicentric (affects a single node) and multicentric (affects multiple nodes)
146
unicentric castleman's disease signs
difficulty breathing or eating, a large lump, weight loss, and persistent cough
147
multicentric castleman's disease signs
fever, night sweats, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, enlarged spleen, and weakness
148
what circulates in the blood and prevents excessive clot formation?
antithrombin III
149
what prevents platelets to sticking to tissue?
prostaglandins which is regulated by antithrombin III
150
what is the major action of heparin?
it blocks thrombin and thus is an anticoagulant
151
erythroblastosis fetalis
aka rh hemolytic disease
152
what is required for transplants?
a close match in HLA (human leukocyte anitgen)
153
the drug-half life meaning
the time it takes for the amount of a drug's active substance in your body to reduce by half
154
