HLTH male and female disorders, and STIs Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
the scrotal sac
A
is continuous with the perineum and has a muscle layer and fascia
2
Q
semen volume
A
2-5 mL, containing 100-200 million sperm
3
Q
FSH role in males
A
initiates spermatogenesis
4
Q
LH role in males
A
stimulates testosterone production by the interstitial cells
5
Q
roles of testosterone
A
maturation of sperm, development of secondary sex characteristics, protein metabolism, and skeletal muscle development
6
Q
epispadias
A
is a congenital defect in which there is an urethral opening on the dorsal surface of the penis, proximal to the glans; can lead to incontinence, infections, and exstrophy of the bladder
7
Q
exstrophy of the bladder
A
is a failure of the abdominal wall to form across the midline and is associated with epispadias
8
Q
hypospadias
A
is a congenital defect in which this is an urethral opening on the ventral surface of the penis and is more severe than epispadias; can lead to chordee (ventral curvature of the penis)
9
Q
chordee
A
is a ventral curvature of the penis and is associated with hypospadias
10
Q
peyronie’s disease
A
is a condition resulting from the development of fibrous scar tissue on the penis that may cause pain and/or a bend, interfering with sex and causing erectile dysfunction
11
Q
causes of peyronie’s disease
A
is often due to injury, but can also be disorders of the CT or hereditary
12
Q
cryptorchidism
A
occurs when one or both of the testes fail to descend into their normal position during the latter part of pregnancy; can be in the abdominal cavity or an abnormal position (called ectopic testis); in many cases spontaneous descent will happen during the first few years
13
Q
causes of cryptorchidism
A
hormonal abnormalities, a short spermatic cord, or a small inguinal canal
14
Q
complication of cryptorchidism
A
the seminiferous tubules degenerate and spermatogenesis is impaired, causing infertility; can also lead to testicular cancer
15
Q
hydrocele
A
occurs when excessive fluid accumulates in potential space between the layers of the tunica vaginalis
16
Q
causes of hydrocele
A
can be congenital when peritoneal fluid accumulates in the scrotum, when the processes of the tunica vaginalis remain open in an inguinal hernia, or can be from injury, infection, or a tumor
17
Q
spermatocele
A
is a cyst containing fluid and sperm that develops between the testis and the epididymis outside of the tunica vaginalis; this may be related to an abnormality of the tubules
18
Q
varicocele
A
is a dilated vein of the spermatic cord, usually on the left side and develops following puberty due to a lack of valves in the veins, causing backflow of blood and an increase in pressure; if serious, this can lead to infertility
19
Q
torsion of the testis
A
occurs when the testis rotate on the spermatic cord, compressing the vessels, causing ischemia to develop and the testis swell
20
Q
category 1 of prostatitis
A
acute bacterial
21
Q
category 2 of prostatitis
A
chronic bacterial
22
Q
category 3 of prostatitis
A
nonbacterial
23
Q
category 4 of prostatitis
A
asymptomatic inflammatory
24
Q
prostatitis
A
is an ascending infection and inflammation of the testis that has many causes (4 categories) and is associated with UTIs;
25
prostatodynia
means painful prostate
26
acute bacterial prostatitis apperance and urine characteristics
causes a tender, soft, and swollen gland, and urine often contains microorganisms
27
nonbacterial prostatitis apperance and urine characteristics
is confirmed by leukocytes in the urine and the prostate gland usually isn't enlarged
28
chronic prostatitis apperance
prostate is slightly enlarged, irregular, and firm due to fibrosis tissue
29
acute bacterial prostatitis cause
usually is an ascending infection from the urethra from E coli
30
chronic bacterial prostatitis cause
recurrent infection from E coli
31
risk factors for developing bacterial prostatitis
UTIs, benign prostatic hypertrophy, STDs like gonorrhea, and sometimes through systemic circulation spread
32
signs of prostatitis
dysuria, frequency, urgency, lower back pain, fever, chills, and obstruction of urine flow; in nonbacterial, the systemic signs are less marked
33
balanitis
is a fungal infection of the glans penis that is transmitted during sex and common in uncircumcised men
34
balanitis causative organsim
candida albicans
35
signs of balanitis
vesicles that develop into patches, itching, and burning
36
epididymitis
is inflammation of the epididymis
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orchitis
is inflammation of the testis
38
epididymo-orchitis
is inflammation of both the epididymis and the testis and is caused by both bacteria and viruses
39
causative agents of epididymo-orchitis
before sexual activity it often is E coli and during sexual activity it is often gonorrhea or chlamydia
40
benign prostatic hypertrophy
is hyperplasia of the prostate with formation of nodules around the urethra and is present in 50% of men 65+, leading to compression of the urethra
41
cause of benign prostatic hypertrophy
imbalance between estrogen and testosterone associated with aging
42
signs of benign prostatic hypertrophy
enlarged prostate, incomplete emptying (leads to frequency), reduced stream, frequent infections, and a distended bladder
43
most common type of prostate cancer
adenocarcinomas arising from tissue near the surface of the gland
44
metastasis of prostatic cancer
regional lymph nodes, urethra, and bone
45
causes of prostatic cancer
can be inherited from the HPC1 gene, increased insulin-like growth factor, high androgen levels, and recurrent prostatitis
46
signs of prostatic cancer
a hard nodule, often on the posterior surface of the gland and urethral obstruction causing hesitancy, a decreased stream, frequency, and bladder infections
47
two serum markers in prostate cancer
prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase (elevated when it has spread)
48
3 factors for confirmation of prostate cancer
elevated PSA, rectal exam, and biopsy
49
where does testicular cancer often arise from?
germ cells
50
testicular cancer
is most often malignant and occurs primarily in the 15-35 age group; mixed tumors are common
51
teratoma
means mixed testicular tumor containing different types of germ cells; it is often combined with an embryonal carcinoma
52
seminoma
is a type of testicular cancer arising from only one type of cell; the spread is less aggressive than mixed cell tumors
53
serum markers for testicular cancer
hCG and alpha-fetoprotein
54
spread of testicular cancer
follows a pattern in which it first spreads to the common iliac and paraaortic lymph nodes and then in the mediastinal and supraclavicular lymph nodes; then it spreads to brain, bone, liver, and lungs
55
cause of testicular cancer
is often genetic and inherited on chromosome 12, but also can be cryptorchidism, infection, or trauma related
56
signs of testicular cancer
hard, firm, unilateral mass, enlarged and heavy feeling testis, dull aching pain in the abdomen, hydrocele, epididymitis, and gynecomastia (enlarged breasts)
57
gynecomastia meaning
enlarged breasts in testicular cancer due to the tumor secreting hormones
58
where are non-motile sperm stored until ejaculation?
the ampulla of the vas deferens
59
what male disorders are distinguished by transillumination?
hydrocele
60
acquired hydrocele meaning
is from injury, trauma, or cancer
61
type of testicular cancer that spreads early on
choriocarcinoma
62
coitus meaning
intercourse
63
leukorrhea
is vaginal discharge that is produced by the skene's and bartholin's glands
64
lactobacillus role for female reproductive anatomy
it contributes to the acidic pH of the vagina during reproductive years
65
endocervical canal
is the passageway extending from the internal os (end of uterus) to the external os (at the vaginal end)
66
squamous-columnar junction
where the epithelium changes from stratified squamous to simple columnar and is at the endocervical canal; this is a common location for cervical cancer
67
menarche
refers to the first period
68
what is breast development stimulated by?
estrogen; estrogen and progesterone play a role in cyclic changes in the breast every month
69
acini
are the functional units of the breasts and consist of cells that secrete milk and those that move the milk through the ducts
70
what converts the follicle to the corpus luteum?
LH
71
signs of a marked retroversion of the uterus?
back pain, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
72
uterine prolapse
is the descent of the uterus or cervix into the vagina and there are different degrees of this
73
first degree prolapse
is when the cervix drops down into the vagina
74
second degree prolapse
is when the cervix lies at the opening of the vagina and the uterus is in the vagina
75
third degree prolapse
is when the cervix and uterus hang out of the vaginal orifice
76
signs of prolapse
first and second degree are usually asymptomatic but third degree causes some mild discomfort and a feeling of heaviness
77
cystocele
is the protrusion of the urinary bladder into the anterior wall of the vagina; this causes incomplete emptying and predisposes to cystitis
78
rectocele
is the protrusion of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina; this can interfere with defecation
79
primary amenorrhea
refers to never getting one's first period and can be due to turner syndrome, hypothalamus/pituitary disorders, or the absence of the uterus
80
secondary amenorrhea
is the cessation of one's period when they have already gotten it; can be due to tumors, stress, sudden weight loss, eating disorders, participation in competitive sports, chemo, or anemia
81
NSAIDs and dysmenorrhea
inhibit prostaglandin synthesis thus relieve cramping and pain
82
secondary dysmenorrhea
results form disorders like endometriosis, uterine polyps, tumors, or PID
83
menorrhagia meaning
increased amount of flow
84
polymenorrhea meaning
short cycles of < 3 weeks
85
oligomenorrhea meaning
long cycles of >6 weeks
86
metrorrhagia meaning
bleeding between cycles
87
usual cause of menstrual abnormalities
is due to a lack of ovulation but can also be due to thyroid disorders or tumors
88
premenstrual dysphoric syndrome
refers to more severe PMS
89
endometriosis
refers to the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus, on structures like the tubes, ovaries, and in some cases, the lungs; the ectopic tissue responds to cyclic changes (growing, shedding, and bleeding), in which blood is irritating to these tissues
90
cause of recurrent endometriosis
inflammation with each cycle eventually leads to the development of fibrous scar tissue, which can cause adhesions and obstructions
91
endometriosis and infertility
can develop due to the adhesions or obstructions that block the uterus, tubes, or ovaries
92
'chocolate cyst' meaning
occurs when endometrial tissue forms on the ovaries and contains a sac of old, brown blood
93
primary symptom of endometriosis
dysmenorrhea which becomes more severe each month
94
vaginitis
is an infection and inflammation of the vagina, often caused by changes in natural flora, but can also be yeast infection, protozoan infections, irritation due to feminine hygiene products, or atrophy due to menopause
95
cervicitis
is inflammation of the cervix, often associated with STDs
96
salpingitis
refers to inflammation of the tubes
97
oophoritis
refers to inflammation of the ovaries
98
mastitis
refers to inflammation of the mammary gland and is often caused by S aureus
99
primary causative organism of toxic shock
S aureus
100
candidiasis
aka yeast infection; this is not transmitted sexually and is caused by opportunistic flora
101
causative organism of candidiasis
C. albicans
102
causes of candidiasis
often follows antibiotic therapy, but also may occur when host resistance is decreased or when glycogen levels in the vaginal secretions decrease
103
candidiasis signs
red, swollen, and itchy mucus membranes with a white, thick, curd like discharge; dysuria and dyspareunia may also occur
104
pelvic inflammatory disease
is an infection of the female reproductive tract, particularly the tubes and ovaries
105
complications of PID
acute problems like peritonitis and pelvic abscess, and long term problems like infertility or ectopic pregnancies due to scar tissue and adhesions forming in this area
106
what does the PID infection begin as?
often is due to multiple pathogens and begins as vaginitis or cervicitis; the infection then ascends along the continuous mucus membrane
107
how does PID spread to the peritoneum
the tubes become obstructed due to inflammation and purulent exudate, causing the infection to spread through the fimbriae to the peritoneal cavity
108
common cause of death in PID
septic shock due to the infection spreading to the peritoneum
109
causative organism of PID
is usually caused by STDs like gonorrhea or chlamydia, and past infections of vaginitis or cervicitis increase the chances
110
signs of PID
lower abdominal pain that increases and is worse with walking, tenderness, purulent discharge, dysuria, and fever
111
leiomyoma
is a benign tumor that is hormone dependent and is located in the myometrium; it is common during reproductive years and often shrinks following menopause; these may also undergo necrosis and form cysts
112
intramural fibroids
develop in the uterine wall as polyps
113
submucosal fibroids
develop beneath the endometrium and may present as a polyp that protrudes into the uterine cavity
114
subserosal fibroids
develops under the serosa and may grow outward into the pelvic cavity
115
fibroid signs
often are asymptomatic but may cause abnormal bleeding like menorrhagia or cause pressure on surrounding structures and interfere with emptying
116
ovarian cysts
develop on ovaries usually underneath the serosa and usually disappear within 8-12 weeks without complications
117
complications of large ovarian cysts
can cause discomfort, urinary retention, or menstrual irregularities, and if it ruptures it can cause abnormal bleeding
118
stein–Leventhal syndrome
aka polycystic ovarian syndrome
119
polycystic ovarian syndrome
is ovaries containing cysts covered with a thick capsule, causing abnormal hormone levels and cessation of ovulation
120
cause of polycystic ovarian syndrome
is often due to a dysfunction in the hypothalamus-pituitary control system
121
hormone levels in polycystic ovarian syndrome
elevated androgen, estrogen, and LH and decreased FSH levels; usual FSH/LH fluctuations are missing
122
signs of polycystic ovarian syndrome
hiturism (abnormal hairiness), amenorrhea, and infertility
123
fibrocystic breast disease
includes a broad range of benign breast lesions that change during the menstrual cycle, mainly due to estrogen; 3 categories
124
how do the breasts change with fibrocystic breast disease throughout the cycle?
the CT is gradually replaced with dense fibrous tissue, fluid accumulates in cysts, and the epithelial cells in the ducts proliferate; the cysts enlarge over time and cause degeneration of normal tissue
125
nonproliferative lesions in fibrocystic breast disease
include microcysts and fibroadenomas that are singular, moveable masses and are not cancerous
126
proliferative lesions in fibrocystic breast disease
includes lesions, epithelial hypertrophy in the ducts, and typical cells, and is only cancerous if there is a genetic history
127
proliferative changes with atypical cells in fibrocystic breast disease
atypical cells can differentiate from benign tumors into malignant tumors
128
signs of fibrocystic breast disease
moveable cysts or nodules that change throughout the cycle
129
where do most malignant breast tumors develop?
the upper outer quadrant of the breast or the central portion and most are unilateral
130
where do most malignant breast tumors arise from?
the cells of the ductal epithelium
131
where does malignant breast cancer often spread to?
regional lymph nodes like the axillary nodes; then to the brain, bone, liver, and lungs
132
causes of breast cancer
often is genetic due to BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes; can also be high estrogen levels, no children, delayed first pregnancy, chest radiation, or fibrocystic disease with atypical cells
133
signs of breast cancer
single, small, hard, painless nodule that is moveable early on but later becomes fixed; other signs are dimpling of the skin, discharge from the nipple, and a change in breast contour
134
stages of developing cervical cancer
dysplasia of the epithelium that is mild, severe, then malignant; then carcinoma in situ which can last for ten years, followed by metastasize
135
stage 0 of cervical cancer
refers to carcinoma in situ
136
metastasis of cervical cancer
usually is localised, spreading to the the uterus, vagina, uterine wall, rectum, and ligaments; sometimes to lymph nodes but this is rare
137
causes of cervical cancer
herpes simplex 2 and HPV 16, 18, 31, 34, or 45; the viral antibodies are known to cause dysplasia
138
signs of cervical cancer
only develop after in situ and may be minor vaginal bleeding, watery discharge, anemia, and weight loss
139
early sign of uterus cancer
vaginal bleeding which for menopausal women is obvious
140
leiomyosarcomas
refers to uterine cancers that are derived from a CT or muscle
141
uterine cancer
is common in 40+ women and often spreads to the lungs before diagnosis
142
most common type of endometrium tumor
adenocarcinomas which arise from the glandular epithelium
143
causes of uterine cancer
high levels of estrogen, oral contraceptives, and infertility
144
ovarian cancer
is often a silent tumor and can be serous (most common), mucinous, and endometrioid tumors
145
signs of ovarian cancer
feeling of fullness, indigestion, frequent urination, back pain, and dyspareunia
146
cause of ovarian cancer
CA125 marker and talc (feminine hygiene product) combined with asbestos
147
male problems causing infertility
changes in sperm or semen, hormonal abnormalities, and obstruction in ducts
148
why are recurrent STDs common?
because immunity isn't achieved after the first exposure
149
what STD is asymptomatic in women?
gonorrhea
150
leading cause of PID
chlamydia
151
most common STD
chlamydia
152
infective agent for chlamydia
C. trachomatis a gram-negative bacteria
153
lymphogranuloma venereum
refers to chlamydia infecting the lymph nodes in some cases
154
signs of chlamydia
dysuria, whitish discharge, itching, and swollen inguinal lymph nodes; in females it is not symptomatic until PID manifests
155
newborns and chlamydia
can be infected during birth, causing conjunctivitis or pneumonia
156
causative agent of gonorrhea
N. gonorrhoeae a gram-negative bacteria
157
most common inflammation sites in males due to gonorrhea
the urethra and the epididymis; can also cause pharyngitis, tonsillitis, or lymphadenopathy through orogenital contact
158
gonorrhea in females
often in asymptomatic but can cause a change in discharge to yellow/green; can also lead to PID
159
newborns and gonorrhea
may be infected with ophthalmia neonatorum
160
syphilis causative agent
treponema pallidum, an anaerobic spirochete
161
syphilis primary stage
includes the development of a chancre at the point of contact about 3 weeks after infection, which heal spontaneously; swollen lymph nodes may also be present
162
chancre
is a painless, firm, ulcerated nodule that develops at the point of contact following the first stage of syphilis infection
163
syphilis secondary stage
manifests as a widespread systemic rash and systemic signs; rash is maculopapular and develops often on mucous membranes such as the palate of the mouth
164
syphilis third stage
is the latent stage and is asymptomatic but the disease still remains and sometimes recurrence of lesions occurs
165
syphilis fourth stage
is called tertiary stage and doesn't develop in all individuals but is the development of the gumma (an area of fibrosis and necrosis), which can cause damage to the oral mucosa, the bone, the liver, and the brain
166
when can the fetus be infected with syphilis?
after the fourth month, causing congenital issues in the bone, liver, teeth, and lungs
167
mycoplasma genitalium
colonizes the urethra and genitals and often does not cause symptoms
168
shigella flexneri
is transmitted via anal sex and can cause a GI tract infection and bacteremia, toxic megacolon, and reactive arthritis
169
why are viral STDs dangerous?
antiviral agents can decrease reproduction during the acute stage but they do not eradicate the entire infection
170
cause of genital herpes
HSV 2 or 1 (via orogenital sex)
171
genital herpes signs
painful vesicles that rupture, creating an ulcerated area and systemic signs of fever, swollen lymph nodes, and headache
172
herpes and newborns
can spread during vaginal delivery and frequently causes death of CNS damage
173
HPV virus
is a double stranded DNA virus
174
HPV lesions location
in men on the penis and in women on the cervix or vagina
175
trichomoniasis
is a protozoan infection caused by T. vaginalis and usually is asymptomatic in men and in women it flares up when natural flora shifts
176
signs of trichomoniasis
yellow, foul discharge, inflammation, and itching
177
what STD is decreasing in incidence?
gonorrhea
