BIOL lab study notes

Question 1

cervical plexus location

Answer 1

C1-C5

Question 2

cervical plexus supplying locations

Answer 2

goes to the skins and muscles of the head, neck, superior shoulders, chest and diaphragm

Question 3

brachial plexus location

Answer 3

C5-T1

Question 4

brachial plexus nerves

Answer 4

axillary nerve, radial nerve, and ulnar nerve

Question 5

what does the brachial plexus supply?

Answer 5

the shoulders and upper limbs

Question 6

lumbar plexus location

Answer 6

L1-L4

Question 7

lumbar plexus nerve

Answer 7

femoral nerve

Question 8

what does the lumbar plexus supply?

Answer 8

the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and parts of the upper limbs

Question 9

sacral plexus location

Answer 9

L4-S4

Question 10

sacral plexus nerves

Answer 10

sciatic nerve, tibial nerve, and fibular nerve

Question 11

what does the sacral plexus supply?

Answer 11

the butt, perineum, and lower limbs

Question 12

neural plexus

Answer 12

in a plexus, nerve fibres from different spinal nerves are sorted together, so all fibres going to a specific body part are grouped together

Question 13

sensory neuron neuron type

Answer 13

unipolar

Question 14

neuroeffector function

Answer 14

located at the synapse between the motor neuron and the effector

Question 15

sciatic nerve motor location

Answer 15

back of thigh, leg, and foot

Question 16

axillary nerve motor location

Answer 16

armpit and shoulder (deltoid and teres minor)

Question 17

radial nerve motor location

Answer 17

arm (triceps), posterior forearm, and hands

Question 18

femoral nerve motor location

Answer 18

thigh muscles (anterior and lateral) and hip

Question 19

tibial nerve motor location

Answer 19

lower leg and foot muscles on posterior side

Question 20

fibular nerve motor location

Answer 20

leg muscles of the anterior and lateral regions

Question 21

insula

Answer 21

is located deep within the lateral cerebral sulcus (which divides the temporal lobe from the parietal lobe); deep to the parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes

Question 22

how many cranial nerves are only sensory?

Answer 22

3 (I, II, VIII)

Question 23

how many cranial nerves are only motor?

Answer 23

5 (III, IV, VI, XI, XII)

Question 24

how many cranial nerves are mixed?

Answer 24

four (V, VII, IX, X)

Question 25

where do the cranial nerves originate from?

Answer 25

10 from the brainstem and 2 from the cerebrum (I and II)

Question 26

3 meningeal layers

Answer 26

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

Question 27

dura mater

Answer 27

contains 2 layers (periosteal and meningeal)

Question 28

arachnoid mater

Answer 28

middle layer that is avascular, web-like, and contains elastic and collagen

Question 29

pia mater

Answer 29

adheres to skull and is very vascular; contains elastic and collagen

Question 30

the canal of schlemm

Answer 30

the junction of the sclera and cornea and where the aqueous humour drains

Question 31

what is the outer layer of the eye?

Answer 31

the cornea and the sclera and this is a fibrous layer

Question 32

what is the middle layer of the eye?

Answer 32

made of the choroid, the ciliary body and zonules, and the iris; this is vascular

Question 33

what is the inner layer of the eye?

Answer 33

made of the pigmented layer (retina) and the neural layer (3 layers: bipolar neurons, ganglion cells, and photoreceptor layer made of rods and cones)

Question 34

iris components

Answer 34

contains radial (dilate) and circular fibres (constrict) which are smooth muscle, and also some melanin

Question 35

another name for the inner ear

Answer 35

the labyrinth

Question 36

oval window

Answer 36

membrane at the base of the cochlea where the stapes attaches

Question 37

what happens to the eyes when looking at a nearby object?

Answer 37

the ciliary body contracts, the ligaments relax, and the lens becomes more curved

Question 38

cones in cow's eye name

Answer 38

tapetum

Question 39

flow of tears in lacrimal apparatus

Answer 39

lacrimal gland > lacrimal ducts > lacrimal punctum > lacrimal canaliculi > lacrimal sac > nasolacrimal duct

Question 40

most to least abundant WBCs

Answer 40

neutrophils (60-70%) > lymphocytes (20-25%) > monocytes (3-8%) > eosinophils (2-4%) > basophils (0.5-1%)

Question 41

neutrophil function

Answer 41

involved in phagocytosis

Question 42

neutrophil appearance

Answer 42

multilobed and granular

Question 43

basophils appearance

Answer 43

bi-lobed and very granular that is covers up lobes

Question 44

eosinophil appearance

Answer 44

bi-loped and granular

Question 45

monocyte appearance

Answer 45

agranular and kidney shaped nucleus

Question 46

lymphocyte appearance

Answer 46

agranular and large round nucleus with small indent

Question 47

what holds lobes of WBCs together?

Answer 47

chromatin

Question 48

two main lymphatic trunks

Answer 48

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

Question 49

5 principal lymphatic trunks

Answer 49

lumbar, intestinal, subclavian, brochnomedistinum, and jugular

Question 50

lumbar trunk

Answer 50

drains from the lower limbs, pelvis, and kidneys

Question 51

intestinal trunk

Answer 51

drains from the stomach, pancreas, spleen, intestines, and part of the liver

Question 52

jugular trunk

Answer 52

drains from the head and neck

Question 53

subclavian trunk

Answer 53

drains from the upper limbs

Question 54

bronchomediastinal trunk

Answer 54

drains from the thoracic wall, lungs, and heart

Question 55

what does the right lymphatic trunk drain from?

Answer 55

the right arm, head, and chest

Question 56

how do lymphatic vessels differ from blood vessels?

Answer 56

Larger in diameter, much more permeable, one-way flow, thinner walls (in capillaries), and many valves

Question 57

5 major lymph node groups

Answer 57

submaxillary, cervical, axillary, inguinal, and supratrochlear

Question 58

submaxillary lymph nodes

Answer 58

are found on the floor of the mouth

Question 59

cervical lymph nodes

Answer 59

are found in the neck

Question 60

supratrochlear lymph nodes

Answer 60

are found above the elbow bend

Question 61

inguinal lymph nodes

Answer 61

are found in the groin

Question 62

axillary lymph nodes

Answer 62

are found in the armpits and upper chest

Question 63

what are blood types determined based on?

Answer 63

antigens on the surface of RBCs

Question 64

another name for antigens

Answer 64

agglutinogens

Question 65

another name for antibodies

Answer 65

agglutinins

Question 66

what does antibody A react with?

Answer 66

antigen B

Question 67

major reaction

Answer 67

is when your receive donor antigens and the result in the recipients produces antibodies which agglutinate the donor’s red blood cells

Question 68

minor reaction

Answer 68

occurs when the recipient receives donor antibodies which agglutinate some of the recipients RBCs; this is only temporary

Question 69

Rh receiving

Answer 69

Rh+ can receive from + and - but - can only receive from -

Question 70

anti-A serum

Answer 70

will cause type A blood to clump but B will be normal

Question 71

agglutination

Answer 71

is hemolysis of blood due to the forming of antigen-antibody complexes

Question 72

order of milk flow through the breasts

Answer 72

lobules containing alveoli > mammary ducts > lactiferous sinus > lactiferous duct > nipple

Question 73

another name for a mature follicle

Answer 73

Graafian follicle

Question 74

anatomy of the peritoneum

Answer 74

simple squamous epithelium and areolar CT

Question 75

3 layers of the uterus

Answer 75

peritoneum, myometrium, and endometrium

Question 76

3 layers of the vagina

Answer 76

adventitia, muscularis (2 layers), and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is lined with a mucus membrane

Question 77

broad ligament

Answer 77

anchors the uterus to the pelvic cavity and are bat-wing shaped (double folds of the peritoneum)

Question 78

round ligaments

Answer 78

anchors the uterus to the labia majora, and this is significant during pregnancy; is fibrous CT

Question 79

cardinal ligament

Answer 79

anchors the cervix and vagina to the pelvic wall and is part of the peritoneum

Question 80

uterosacral

Answer 80

anchors the uterus to the sacrum and extends posteriorly; double folds of the peritoneum

Question 81

vulva

Answer 81

part of the perineum but is just the external genitalia

Question 82

perineum

Answer 82

is the area medial to the thighs

Question 83

prepuce

Answer 83

skin covering the clitoris

Question 84

hymen

Answer 84

Vascularized fold of mucus membrane covering the internal vaginal orifice during development

Question 85

skene's glands other name

Answer 85

paraurethral glands

Question 86

bartholin's glands other name

Answer 86

greater vestibular glands

Question 87

areola

Answer 87

Circle of pigmented skin surrounding the nipple

Question 88

how many lobes per breast

Answer 88

about 15-20

Question 89

2 parts of the internal penis

Answer 89

corpus cavernosum and corpus spongiosum

Question 90

seminal vesicle secretions

Answer 90

fructose, prostaglandins, alkaline fluid, and clotting proteins

Question 91

prostate gland secretions

Answer 91

citric acid, proteolytic enzymes, acid phosphate, and seminalplasmin

Question 92

bulbourethral gland secretions

Answer 92

mucus and alkaline fluid

Question 93

other name for bulbourethral gland

Answer 93

cowper's gland

Question 94

anterior chamber

Answer 94

is between the cornea and the iris

Question 95

posterior chamber

Answer 95

is between the iris and the lens

Question 96

posterior cavity

Answer 96

between the lens and the retina

Question 97

flow of lymph through vessels

Answer 97

capillaries > collecting ducts > trunks > ducts

Question 98

what tissue makes up lymph nodes

Answer 98

reticular tissue