HLTH 2501: infectious diseases (respiratory) Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
what is the common cold?
A
a viral infection that affects the upper respiratory tract
2
Q
common pathogens causing the common cold
A
most often it is a rhinovirus, but may also be an adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, or coronavirus; however, there are more than 200 possible causative organisms
3
Q
how is the common cold spread?
A
via respiratory droplets (these are either inhaled or spread by secretions on hands or contaminated objects)
4
Q
why is the common cold so contagious?
A
because the virus is shed in large numbers from the infected nasal mucosa and it can also survive for several hours outside of the body
5
Q
signs of a common cold
A
red nose, swollen pharynx, nasal congestion, watery eyes sneezing, mouth breathing, sore throat, headache, slight fever, malaise, cough, and may cause secondary infections
6
Q
rhinorrhea
A
mucus or snot dripping out of the nose
7
Q
what are common secondary infections of the common cold?
A
pharyngitis, laryngitis, or acute bronchitis,
8
Q
treatment for the common cold
A
acetaminophen for fever and headache, decongestants, antihistamines, humidifiers, vitamin C, and antibiotics if a secondary infection has developed
9
Q
another name for strep throat
A
pharyngitis
10
Q
sinusitis
A
is usually a bacterial infection secondary to a cold or an allergy that has obstructed the drainage of one or more of the paranasal sinuses into the nasal cavity
11
Q
common causative organisms for sinusitis
A
pneumococci, streptococci, or hemophilus influenza, as well as viruses or fungi
12
Q
signs of sinusitis
A
pain in the facial bones (feels like a headache or toothache), nasal congestion, fever, and sore throat
13
Q
why do you feel pain in the facial bones during sinusitis?
A
as exudate accumulates, pressure builds up inside the sinus cavity causing pain
14
Q
diagnosis for sinusitis
A
radiograph or transillumination
15
Q
treatment for sinusitis
A
decongestants, analgesics, and antibiotics
16
Q
laryngotracheobronchitis
A
is a common viral infection in children that begins as an upper respiratory infection. causing inflammation of the mucosa and trachea, obstructing airflow
17
Q
common causative agents of laryngotracheobronchitis
A
parainfluenza viruses and adenoviruses
18
Q
signs of laryngotracheobronchitis
A
nasal congestion, cough, swelling, exudate, and inflammation, which lead to barking cough (croup) and hoarse voice
19
Q
treatment for laryngotracheobronchitis
A
humidifiers, shower, or croup tent, but is usually self-limited and recovery is quick
20
Q
epiglottitis causative organism
A
haemophilus influenzae
21
Q
epiglottitis
A
is an acute bacterial infection common in children 3-7, causing swelling of the larynx, supraglottic area, and epiglottis
22
Q
signs of epiglottitis
A
round, red ball obstructing the airway, fever, sore throat, inspiratory stridor (high-pitched sound), refusing to swallow, child takes a sitting position or tripod position with the mouth open, saliva drooling, and pallor
23
Q
treatment for epiglottitis
A
oxygen and antimicrobial therapy, and sometimes tracheotomy
24
Q
influenza
A
is a viral infection of both the upper and lower respiratory tracts and has three types (A,B,C)
25
type A influenza
is the most prevalent pathogen for influenza
26
flu vs cold
flu has a sudden onset with marked fever, fatigue, and body aching but both may cause secondary infections to develop
27
common secondary infection of influenza
pneumonia
28
treatment for influenza
antiviral drugs like amantadine, zanamivir, or oseltamivir
29
incubation period for influenza
1-4 days
30
what is scarlet fever caused by?
group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus pyogenes
31
symptoms of scarlet fever
fever, sore throat, chills, vomiting, abdominal pain, malaise, strawberry tongue, and a fine rash on the chest, neck, groin, and things
32
strawberry tongue
common in scarlet fever and is caused by the exotoxin produced by the bacteria
33
treatment for scarlet fever
antibiotics
34
upper respiratory tract infections
scarlet fever, influenza, common cold, epiglottitis, sinusitis, and laryngotracheobronchitis
35
bronchiolitis
is a common viral infection in young children aged 2 to 12 months
36
causative organism for bronchiolitis
the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a myxovirus
37
how is bronchiolitis transmitted?
oral droplets
38
what does the bronchiolitis infection cause?
necrosis and inflammation in the small bronchi and bronchioles, along with edema, increased secretions, and reflex bronchospasm leading to obstruction of the small airways
39
3 respiratory infections that affect young children
laryngotracheobronchitis, bronchiolitis, and epiglottitis
40
signs of bronchiolitis
wheezing, dyspnea, rapid and shallow respirations, cough, rales, chest retractions, fever, and malaise
41
treatment for bronchiolitis
RSV immunoglobulin serum (palivizumab) which is an RSV monoclonal antibody
42
pneumonia
is often a secondary infection to others and is at risk for developing when fluid pools in the lungs or when cilia function is reduced; causative agent can be a virus, bacterium, or fungus
43
how is pneumonia classified?
based on the causative agent, anatomic location of the infection, pathophysiologic changes, or epideminologic data
44
lobar pneumonia
is often caused by a bacterium, often staphylococcus aureus or legionella
45
pneumonia vaccines
there are 7 available for the most common agents are is often given to those with chronic respiratory or cardiovascular disease, as well as those 65+
46
what are common causative organisms of pneumonia for immunosuppressed individuals?
candida or pneumocystis carinii
47
viral pneumonia
often causes changes in the interstitial tissue or alveolar space
48
pneumococcal pneumonia
alveoli appears inflamed and is filled with exudate, resulting in a solid mass in a lobe
49
word for hospital acquired infections
nosocominal
50
what are causative agents in nosocomial pneumonias?
usually are gram-negative bacterias like klebsiella pneumoniae pr pseudomonas aeruginosa
51
community-acquired pneumonia
viral or bacterial
52
lobar pneumonia causative agent
S pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
53
3 types of pneumonia
lobar, interstitial, or bronchial
54
lobar pneumonia
infection if localized in one or more lobes and sometimes colonizes the nasopharynx
55
lobar pneumonia development
congestion first develops due to inflammation and exudate in the alveoli, then a lobe called a consolidation develops, then RBC breakdown, and infection may spread into the pleural cavity causing empyema; hypoxia may also develop due to filling of the alveoli reducing gas exchange
56
consolidation
is a mass of RBCs, neutrophils, and fibrin that accumulates in the alveolar exudate in lobar pneumonia
57
sputum for lobar pneumonia
is rusty due to RBCs in the exudate
58
empyema
infection of the pleural cavity resulting from spread of lobar pneumonia; can cause adhesion between the layers if not resolved quickly
59
how is lobar pneumonia diagnosed?
chest X-rays and culture samples of the sputum
60
signs of lobar pneumonia
hypoxia, sudden onset, high fever, chills, fatigue, leukocytosis, dyspnea, tachypnea, tachycardia, pleuritic pain, rales heard, productive cough with rust coloured sputum, and confusion and disorientation in severe cases
61
other name for lobar pneumonia
pneumococcal pneumonia
62
what can the oxygen deficit in lobar pneumonia result in?
metabolic acidosis
63
treatment for lobar pneumonia
antibacterials like penicillin, in combination with fluids, drugs to reduce fever, and O2 administration
64
bronchopneumonia
occurs as a diffuse pattern of infection in both lungs, often of the lower lobes; infection starts in the bronchial mucosa and spreads into the alveoli
65
how does bronchopneumonia causative organism begin infection?
often when there is pooled secretions in the lungs, common in immobilized patients
66
hypostatic pneumonia
develops in immobilized patients
67
signs of bronchopneumonia
gradual onset with fever, cough, rales, and cough with purulent sputum (yellowish or green)
68
legionnaires disease causative agent
a gram-negative bacteria called legionella pneumophila; this microbe thrives in warm, moist environments, often in spas or hospitals
69
why is legionnaires disease difficult to identify?
because the microbe resides in pulmonary macrophages
70
legionnaires disease symptoms if untreated
severe congestion and consolidation, with necrosis in the lungs
71
primary atypical pneumonia
differs from typical types due to the causative organism (viral or mycoplasmal) and intestinal inflammation
72
mycoplasma pneumoniae
is a small bacterium that lacks a cell wall and varies in shape; is normally found in the upper respiratory tract and is transmitted by aerosol
73
mycoplasma pneumonia signs
frequent cough
74
treatment for mycoplasma pneumonia
erythromycin or tetracycline therapy
75
viral pneumonia causative agents
is caused by influenza A and B, as well as adenoviruses and RSV
76
viral pneumonia development
begins gradual with inflammation in the mucosa of the upper tract, then descending to involve the lungs
77
signs of viral pneumonia
unproductive cough, hoarseness, sore throat, headache, mild fever, and malaise
78
chlamydial pneumonia
is caused by the organism Chlamydia pneumoniae and is considered to be the cause of PAP and pharyngitis
79
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
is a type of atypical pneumonia and occurs as an opportunistic infection in those with AIDS and infants
80
how does pneumocystis carinii pneumonia develop?
a fungus is inhaled and attaches to alveolar cells, causing necrosis and diffuse interstitial inflammation; the alveoli then fill with exudate and fungi
81
signs of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
difficulty breathing and a nonproductive cough
82
treatment for pneumocystis carinii for AIDS patients
prophylactic drugs like sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim
83
what is COVID-19 caused by?
SARS-CoV-2 virus
84
unique pathophysiological signs of COVID-19
firm attachment to lung cells and the triggering of a cytokine storm
85
COVID-19 virus
is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus called SARS-CoV-2 and belongs to the coronaviridae family
86
coronaviridae family
include COVID-19, SARS, and middle east respiratory syndrome virus
87
cytokine storm for COVID-19
not fully understood but results in severe inflammation of the lungs, resulting in pneumonia and lung tissue damage
88
signs in critical COVID-19 cases
acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock, encephalopathy, myocardial injury, heart failure, coagulation dysfunction, and acute kidney injury
89
signs of COVID-19
fever or chills, coughing, sneezing, difficulty breathing, fatigue, temporary loss of taste, muscle aches, headache, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, congestion, and confusion in older individuals
90
testing for COVID-19
antibody testing (presence of antibodies) and diagnostic (looking for presence of viral genetic material)
91
drugs for COVID-19
malaria drug hydroxyquinoline combined with antibiotics and remdesivir
92
SARS acronym
severe acute respiratory syndrome
93
SARS
is an acute respiratory infection that was first diagnosed in 2002
94
causative microbe for SARS
SARS-CoV a coronavirus which is a RNA virus
95
how is SARS transmitted?
via respiratory droplets
96
signs of SARS
first stage is flulike symptoms (fever, headache, myalgia, chills, anorexia, dirrahea) followed by a dry cough and dyspnea
97
serum levels in those with SARS
low O2, low WBCs, low platelets, increased C-reactive proteins, and elevated liver enzymes
98
treatment for SARS
antiviral ribavirin and the glucocorticoid methylprednisolone
99
tuberculosis
is increasing globally again, particularly common amongst AIDS patients in Africa and among those in poverty and overcrowding
100
what is the causative agent in tuberculosis?
mycobacterium tuberculosis which primarily affects the lungs, but the pathogen may also invade other organs; this bacterium is resistant to many disinfectants and can survive in dried sputum for weeks
101
tuberculosis vs immune system
the cell wall of the mycobacterium protects it
102
primary infection of tuberculosis
is asymptomatic and occurs when the microorganisms first enter the lungs, are engulfed by macrophages and cause a local inflammatory reaction; this then forms a granuloma, then necrosis, and a calcified lesion that contains the bacilli until it is active again
103
granuloma in tuberculosis
forms due to lymphocytes and macrophages clusters together at the site of inflammation; this then forms the tubercle which contains the bacilli; in the center of this, caseation necrosis will develop
104
ghon complexes
calcified lesions in healthy individuals caused by tuberculosis in the lungs and lymph nodes
105
Mantoux tuberculin test
is a hypersensitivity reactions that is used to detect exposure to the bacillus; the individual will produce a positive skin reaction, which is a hard, raised, red area
106
testing for secondary phase of tuberculosis
mantoux tuberculin tests, X-ray, and sputum culture; sometimes a CT is used
107
miliary tuberculosis
aka extrapulmonary TB; is a rapidly progressive form in which multiple granulomas affect large areas of the lungs and rapidly disseminate into the circulation and to other tissues (often bone or kidney)
108
secondary tuberculosis
is the stage of active infection and arises years after primary infection when the bacilli, hidden in the tubercles are reactivated usually due to decreased host resistance
109
what occurs in the secondary phase of tuberculosis?
larger areas of necrosis form, cavitation, hemoptysis, and infection may spread
110
cavitation
is the formation of a large open area in the lung and erosion into the bronchi and blood vessels; occurs in secondary phase of tuberculosis
111
how is tuberculosis transmitted?
oral droplets or digestion from unpasteurized milk
112
signs of tuberculosis
only symptoms in secondary phase and are anorexia, malaise, fatigue, weight loss, low-grade fever, night sweats, prolonged cough, and purulent sputum that often contains blood
113
testing for the primary phase of tuberculosis
a tuberculin test
114
treatment for primary phase of tuberculosis
drugs like isoniazid and rifampin; these can prevent the disease from becoming the fully active form
115
treatment for secondary phase of tuberculosis
drugs like isoniazid, rifampin, and streptomycin; treatment usually is 6 months to a year
116
histoplasmosis
is a fungal infection that is commonly opportunistic and has effects similar to tuberculosis
117
causative organism in histoplasmosis
the fungus histoplasma capsulatum and is often found as a parasite inside macrophages
118
where is histoplasmosis common?
the midwestern US
119
how is histoplasmosis transmitted?
as a spore being inhaled on dust particles
120
how is histoplasmosis similar to tuberculosis?
it has a primary asymptomatic phase, followed by a second stage of infection that involves granulomas and necrosis in the lungs, and possibly spread to other organs
121
signs of histoplasmosis
cough, fatigue, fever, and night weats
122
how is histoplasmosis diagnosed?
via a skin test and a culture to confirm this
123
treatment for histoplasmosis
antifungal agent amphotericin B
124
anthrax
ia a bacterial infection of the skin, respiratory tract, and GI tract in humans and catle
125
causative organism for anthrax
gram-positive bacillus that forms grayish-white spores that can remain viable for long periods of time
126
cutaneous form of anthrax signs
blisters and bumps that may itch, swelling around the sore, painless open skin sore with a black centre, and sores often develop on the face, neck, arms, or hands
127
inhalation form of anthrax
fever and chills, chest discomfort, dyspnea, cough, confusion, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headache, sweats, extreme tiredness, and body aches
128
GI form of anthrax
fever, chills, swelling of neck glands, sore throat, painful swallowing, hoarseness, nausea, vomiting with blood, headache, flushing face and red eyes, fainting, and abdominal swelling
129
how is anthrax treated?
with the antimicrobial ciprofloxacin along with the administration of anthrax antitoxin
