HLTH module 3 review immunity Flashcards by Saje Allen

thymus role

development of T lymphocytes and programs the immune system to recognize self antigens

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what do basophils bind to?

IgE

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basophil role

release histamine

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humoral immunity cell vs cell mediated

B cells are humoral and T are cell mediated

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complement

group of inactive proteins in the circulation that, when activated, stimulate the release of other chemical mediators, promoting inflammation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis

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leukotrienes

group of lipids, derived from mast cells and basophils, which cause contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and have a role in development of inflammation

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where are leukotrienes derived from?

mast cells and basophils

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what are antigens produced of?

polysaccharides or proteins or glycoproteins

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where are MHCs located?

chromosome 6

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where are macrophages found?

liver, lungs, and lymph nodes

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secondary immune response

is the activation of additional lymphocytes via macrophages secreting interleukins and monokines; it is a faster response and results in higher antibody levels

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technique to monitor HIV patients

flow cytometry; this assesses the ratio of T to B cells

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contact dermatitis is what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

type IV

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IgG

most common antibody and is present in both primary and secondary immune responses; activates complement; can cross placenta

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IgM

bound to B lymphocytes; forms natural antibodies; involved in ABO incompatibility reaction

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IgA

found in tears, saliva, and mucus membrane secretions

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IgE

binds to mast cells and mucus membranes and is involved in the allergic response

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IgD

binds to B cells and activates B cells

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what antibodies is the complement system associated with?

IgG and IgM

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cytokine storm

uncontrolled release of cytokines that can cause acute respiratory distress; is associated with h1v1, sars, and covid

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what is required before transplant procedures

extensive MHC (HLC) typing

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toxoid

is an altered or weakened bacterial toxin used in vaccines

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passive immunity

occurs when antibodies are transferred from one person to another; is immediate but not long lasting

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what antibody is passed across the placenta?

IgG

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allograft

transferred between members of the same species; ex. from human to human

isograft

transfers between twins

autograft

tissue transferred from one body part to another in the same individual

xenograft

transferred between different species, ex. from pig to human

what type of hypersensitivity is tissue rejection?

type IV

host-versus-graft

occurs when the donar's antibodies attack the transplant

graft-versus-host

when the graft contains T cells that attack the host

hyperacute rejection

occurs immediately

acute rejection

occurs over several weeks

chronic rejection

occurs over several months or years

common treatment for transplants

immunosuppressive therapy involving cyclosporine, azathioprine (Imuran), and prednisone, a glucocorticoid

antibody involved with type I hypersensitivity reactions

IgE

atopic hypersensitivity reaction

inherited tendency towards developing an allergy

type I reaction

IgE binds to a mast cell during exposure to an allergen, causing histamine release and anaphylaxis

types of reactions associated with a type I reaction

hives, airway constriction, nasal congestion, diarrhea, vomiting, eczema, or anaphylaxis

damaging effect of vasodilation

causes low BP

what antibodies are associated with a type II reaction?

IgG or IgM

example of a type II reaction

ABO blood incompatibility

type II reaction

circulating antibodies reaction with antigens, causing destruction of the cell by phagocytosis or by releasing cytotoxic enzymes

type III reaction

the antibody combines with an antigen, forming a complex that is deposited in tissues and this activates complement

serum sickness

occurs when many antibody-antigen complexes are deposited in various tissues

examples of type III reactions

systemic lupus, glomerulonephritis, and rheumatoid arthritis

type IV reaction

antigen binds to T lymphocytes and these release lymphokines

examples of type IV reactions

contact dermatitis or transplant rejection

systemic lupus erythematosus

autoimmune disease that affects various systems and presents symptoms of a butterfly rash, joint inflammation, glomerulonephritis, chest pain, heart inflammation, and anemia

Discoid lupus erythematosus

is a less serious version of the disease affecting only the skin

what hypersensitivity reaction is SLE associated with?

type III

SLE treatment

prednisone, a glucocorticoid and NSAIDs

primary deficiencies

indicate a basic developmental failure somewhere in the immune system, ex. bone marrow, thymus, or antibody synthesis

digeorge syndrome

hypoplasia of the thymus resulting in decreased T cells

hypogammaglobulinemia

low antibody levels due to a B cell deficit

secondary deficiencies

refers to loss of the immune response resulting from specific causes and may occur at any time during the life span; is associated with infection, removal of the spleen, or malnutrition

why stress may lead to immunodeficiency?

because glucocorticoids are released

when is an individual considered HIV positive?

when the virus is present but few clinical signs have appeared

HIV virus structure

two ss RNA part of the lentivirus family

what cells does HIV attack

mainly CD4 positive cells, but also macrophages and CNS cells

how is HIV usually tested for?

polymerase chain reaction and the number of antibodies

number of T cells for positive HIV diagnosis

less than 200 cells per cubic mL of blood

drug used for pregnant women with HIV

azidothymidine

what antibody is increased in HIV?

IgG

AIDS dementia

occurs in the acute phase and is HIV encephalopathy and can be caused by brain tumors or infections

frequent cause of death for AIDS

p. carniii

what does kaposi sarcoma affect?

the skin, mucus membranes, and internal organs

antiretroviral therpay

refers to the use of many antiviral drugs in HIV therapy

What does seroconversion mean in relation to HIV and AIDS?

Antibodies for HIV have been identified in the blood.

what reactions occur with transplants?

type IV and humoral response

enterotoxins

stimulate vomitting and are an exotoxin released by gram-positive bacteria