HLTH module 2 review Flashcards
1
Q
elderly and obese water content
A
have a lower than normal proportion of water in their bodies
2
Q
effects of prolonged edema
A
it interferes with venous return, arterial circulation, and cell function
3
Q
where is edema the most severe?
A
in areas affected by gravity like the butt, ankles or feet
4
Q
hypervolemia
A
increased BV and is associated with renal failure, pregnancy, excessive fluids, and CHF
5
Q
4 causes of edema
A
increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, loss of plasma proteins in vessels, obstruction of lymphatic circulation, and increased capillary permeability
6
Q
causes of loss of plasma proteins in the vessels
A
may be due to kidney disease, malabsorption or malnutrition, or liver disease
7
Q
what can varicose veins lead to?
A
skin breakdown, fatigue, or varicose ulcers
8
Q
pulse during edema
A
slow pulse and high BP
9
Q
pulse during dehydration
A
rapid, weak pulse but low BP
10
Q
what do fluid losses first effect?
A
the extracellular compartments
11
Q
who are most susceptible to damaging effects of fluid loss?
A
infants and elderly due to smaller fluid reserves
12
Q
hypotonic dehydration
A
refers to a loss of more solutes than fluid
13
Q
hypertonic dehydration
A
refers to a loss of more fluid than solutes
14
Q
body compensations for dehydration
A
increasing thirst, increasing HR, constricting vessels, and concentrating urine
15
Q
third-spacing meaning
A
refers to a situation in which fluid shifts out of the blood into a body cavity or tissue where it is no longer available as circulating fluid
16
Q
sodium importance
A
is significant for osmotic pressure, nerve conduction, and muscle contraction
17
Q
hyponatremia signs
A
anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue, lethargy, muscle weakness, headache, confusion, seizures, and decreased BP
18
Q
hypernatremia signs
A
thirst, weakness, lethargy, agitation, edema, and elevated BP
19
Q
potassium and acid levels
A
acidosis shifts K+ out of cell and alkalosis shifts it into the cells; it is cotransported with H+
20
Q
most significant role of K+
A
heart contractions
21
Q
hypokalemia signs
A
cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, parenthesis, decreased appetite, shallow respirations (due to weak muscles), and increased urine output
22
Q
hyperkalemia signs
A
cardiac dysrhythmias, muscle weakness, fatigue, nausea, and parenthesis
23
Q
hyper vs hypokalemia on the ECG
A
hypokalemia leads to prolonged repolarization
24
Q
role of vitamin D for calcium
A
it promotes the movement of Ca+ from the bones and intestines into the blood
25
calcium and phosphate relationship
is opposite, ex. is Ca+ is high the P is low
26
alkalosis and Ca+
decreases the number of free Ca+ in the blood, causing hypocalcemia
27
hypocalcemia signs
muscle twitching, hyperactive reflexes, Chvostek sign, Trousseau sign, obstructed airways, parentheses, abdominal pain, weak heart contractions, and arrhythmias
28
Chvostek sign
associated with hypocalcemia and is twitching of the lips and face
29
Trousseau sign
blood circulation is cut off to the hand and is associated with hypocalcemia
30
hypercalcemia signs
muscle weakness, increased urine output, increased cardiac contractions, spontaneous fractures, and kidney stones
31
hypomagnesemia signs
insomnia, tremors, neuromuscular hyperirritability, personality changes, and increased HR with arrhythmias
32
hypermagnesemia signs
depressed neuromuscular function, decreased reflexes, lethargy, and cardiac arrhythmias
33
hypophosphatemia signs
tremors, weak reflexes, confusion, parenthesis, and difficulty swallowing
34
hyperphosphatemia signs
same as hypocalcemia (muscle twitching, hyperactive reflexes, Chvostek sign, Trousseau sign, obstructed airways, parentheses, abdominal pain, weak heart contractions, and arrhythmias)
35
hyperchloremia signs
edema and weight gain
36
hypochloremia signs
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle twitching, and confusion
37
why does the body lead more towards an acidosis state?
due to the production of CO2, lactic acid, ketones, sulfides, and phosphates
38
buffer
combination of a weak acid and its alkaline salt
39
bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio
20:1
40
when is it considered to be compensated acidosis or alkalosis
if the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid is maintained at 20 : 1 and serum pH is normal
41
causes of respiratory acidosis
airway obstruction, pulmonary disease such as emphysema, and use of opiates
42
causes of metabolic acidosis
diarrhea causing loss of bicarbonate or renal failure
43
effects of acidosis
headache, lethargy, confusion, and weakness
44
causes of respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation or aspirin overdose
45
causes of metabolic alkalosis
vomiting, hypokalemia, or excessive ingestion of antacids
46
effects of alkalosis
restlessness, muscle twitching, tetany, seizures, and coma
47
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body
48
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower half of the body
49
quadriplegia
paralysis of the trunk and all four limbs
50
diplegia
symmetrical paralysis anywhere in the body
51
how fast can loss of muscle progress with immobility?
up to 12% each week
52
do flexor or extensor muscles atrophy more with immobility?
extensor muscles
53
muscle changes with immoblity
extensor muscles atrophy, contractures may develop, fibrous tissue replaces muscle cells, and tendons and ligaments loose elasticity and shorten
54
bedsores name
decubitus ulcers
55
areas of the skin that are sensitive to breakdown during immobility
bony areas with little fat covering them like the hip, elbows, knee, sacrum; this commonly leads to ischemia and necrosis of the tissue
56
effects on the heart during short-term immobilization
increased heart rate and SV due to blood pooling in the trunk, near the heart and lungs
57
effects on the heart during long-term immobilization
venous return and SV are reduced; orthostatic hypotension may also develop
58
orthostatic hypotension
occurs with decreased venous return and SV are signs are dizziness, fainting, pallor, sweating, and rapid pulse when changing body position
59
why are ulcers, necrosis and infection common during immobilization?
due to reduced capillary exchange of nutrients that results from pooling of blood in areas
60
virchow triad
three factors promoting thrombus formation which are venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and blood vessel damage
61
respirations during immobilization
are slow and shallow due to decreased oxygen demands, as well as drugs like sedatives and analgesics that depress neuromuscular functions and the respiratory centre
62
why do secretions build up in the lungs during immobilization?
because the cough reflex is decreased
63
effects of stasis of urine
urinary tract infections or renal stones due to urine pooling in the calyces
64
why may urine output be increased during immobility?
blood shifting to the thorax can cause the release of ANP, thus decreasing fluid reabsorption, ADH activity, and causing dehydration
65
common deformities in children as a result of immobility
commonly develop in the hands, spine, hips, and feet
66
distress meaning
is when an individual cannot adapt to a stressor, causing harmful effects on the body
67
locus ceruleus
is a collection of norephrine secreting cells in the brain stem
68
hormones released during stress response
first adrenocorticotropic hormone, then cortisol, norepinephine, and epinephrine
69
general effects of the stress response
increased HR, bronchodilation, increased blood glucose levels, arousal of CNS, and decreased immune responses
70
effects of prolonged stress
intellectual function and memory are impaired due to glucocorticoid release, the decreased immune system leading to frequency infections or longer healing (stomatitis or periodontal disease), acute renal failure, and necrosis
71
what serum level is elevated during stress?
cholesterol
72
stress ulcers
are multiple gastric ulcers and manifest with gastric hemorrhage; curling ulcer is an example
73
what contributes to the development of stress ulcers
vasoconstriction in the gastric mucosa causes decreased mucus degeneration and production, decreased motility caused chyme to accumulate in the stomach, and glucocorticoids delay healing
74
two factors delaying healing during stress
increased cortisol and increased catecholamine levels
75
example of an anxiety medication
lorazepam
76
somatic pain
originates from the skin or deeper structures and is localized; it travels by sensory fibres
77
visceral pain
pain associated with organs and travels by sympathetic fibres
78
two sensory fibres conducting pain impulses
the myelinated A delta fibers that transmit impulses rapidly and the unmyelinated C fibers that transmit impulses slowly
79
what fibre is acute pain conducted from?
the myelinated A delta fibres
80
what fibre is chronic pain conducted from?
the unmyelinated C fibres
81
two motor fibres associated with pain
both are in the spinothalamic bundle: the fast impulses for acute sharp pain travel in the neospinothalamic tract, whereas the slower impulses for chronic or dull pain use the paleospinothalamic tract
82
what influences the brain's perception of pain stimuli?
the RAS
83
gate-control theory
this theory states that gates (located at nerve synapses) modify the entry of painful stimuli into the brain; closed gates result in less pain perception and vise versa; this is the result of the release of opiate like chemicals
84
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
is a therapeutic intervention that increases sensory stimulation at a site, thus blocking pain transmission
85
types of endorphins
enkephalins, dynorphins, and beta-lipotropins
86
how does enkephalin work?
it is released at the spinal cord and attaches to opiate receptors, blocking the release of substance P
87
what does acute pain indicate?
tissue damage
88
headaches located in the eyes and forehead area
are often associated with congested sinuses or eyestrain
89
tension headaches
are associated with stress and include muscle spasms from the neck in and pain is felt in the occipital area; associated with working for long periods
90
temporal area headaches
are associated with TMJ problems
91
migraines
are caused by abnormal changes in blood flow or metabolism in the brain
92
migraine symptoms
usually unilateral pain in the temporal area that spreads to the entire head; may be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, visual disturbances, and fatigue
93
mild migraine treatment
NSAIDs like ibuprofen or acetaminophen
94
moderate migraine treatment
a combination of acetaminophen, codeine and caffeine or acetaminophen, aspirin and caffeine
95
drug of choice for severe migraines
triptans or ergotamine if admistertisered immediately
96
intracranial headaches
result from pressure within the skull such as edema, tumor, or hemorrhage
97
central pain
is caused by damage to the brain or spinal cord
98
neuropathic pain
is pain involving the peripheral nerves
99
mild pain medications
aspirin, acetaminophen, and NSAIDs
100
what drug acts as a platelet inhibitor to reduce blood clots?
aspirin
101
moderate pain medications
usually codeine or oxycodone used in combination with aspirin or acetaminophen
102
severe pain medications
morphine or hydromorphone
103
surgical produces that work on the spinal cord to reduce pain
rhizotomy or cordotomy
104
what are trigger point injections used for?
headaches, fibromyalgia, and myofascial pain syndrome
105
trigger point types of injections
botox, anesthetics, and corticosteroids
106
bioelectric therapy
uses bioelectric currents that interrupt pain signals before they can reach the brain and produces endorphins
107
what are local anesthetics used for?
to block transmission of pain from a specific area
108
example of a local anesthesia
lidocaine
109
spinal anesthesia
is injected into epidural space of CSF to block nerve conduction at or below that level
110
general anesthesia gas
nitrous oxide
111
Neuroleptanesthesia
is a type of anesthesia where patients can respond to questions but are not aware of the pain
112
what used to be found in soaps and caused harmful effects?
hexachlorophene
113
toxic hardening agent in plastic
Bisphenol A
114
concerns with toxic plastics
they can mimic hormones and act within tissues
115
toxic effects of lead ingestion
is stored in bones and can cause hemolytic anemia, inflammation and ulceration of the GI tract, inflammation of kidney tubules, and neural damage
116
neural damage from lead
neuritis (inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves) and encephalopathy (edema and degeneration of neurons in the brain)
117
chemical burn
damage to tissues from acids or bases
118
malignant mesothelioma
is a rare form of lung cancer that develops in the mesothelium and is often caused by exposure to asbestos
119
signs of pesticide exposure
diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, pinpoint pupils, rashes, headaches, and irritation of the eyes, skin, or throat
120
hyperthermia signs
muscle cramps and spasms, heat exhaustion (headache, nausea, dizziness), and heat stroke (red, dry skin and weak pulse)
121
syncope
fainting
122
localized hypothermia signs
frostbite, causing vascular occlusion which can lead to necrosis and gangrene
123
systemic hypothermia signs
shizering, lethargy, confusion, slow pulse, slow respirations, and hypovolemic shock
124
what is ionizing radiation?
x-rays and gamma rays, as well as particles such as protons and neutrons
125
what are radiation emissions measured in?
roentgens
126
what does radiation primarily affect?
cells undergoing mitosis such as epithelial cells, gonads, and bone marrow
127
what does radiation sickness affect?
the bone marrow, digestive tract, and CNS
128
what does UV damage?
the nucleotides in the cells DNA
129
shorter lightwave damage to eyes
can damage the cornea
130
longer lightwave damage to eyes
can damage the macula and retina
131
gastroenteritis
vomiting and diarrhea; short term infection
132
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
occurs when E. coli invades the bloodstream and damages the kidney tubules
133
listeria
is most common in processed meat products such as sausage or ham and is common in the environment.
134
shigella
causes dysentery, a bloody diarrhea that is extremely dangerous and is a bacterium that is transmitted primarily through unwashed hands
135
melamine
is a plastic that has been added to food and milk in some areas of the world to allow dilution of the food with water
136
ingestion of melamine
acute renal failure and possible death
137
effects of poisonous bites
paralysis and respiratory failure or seizures, such as from a snake
