HLTH puberty aging and pregnancy Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
linear growth in males vs females
A
happens earlier is females but longer in males due to delayed epiphyseal closure in males
2
Q
stages of growth in adolescents
A
first linear growth, then secondary sex characteristics, then increase in skeletal muscle
3
Q
how does the heart change with puberty?
A
blood pressure increases and so do the strength of cardiac contractions, however, pulse pressure decreases
4
Q
complications of obesity in adolescents
A
diabetes, heart problems (high BP), and joint damage; also a risk of stroke in later life
4
Q
obesity vs overweight
A
obesity refers to an excess of fat, muscle, bone, or water whereas obesity is only fat
5
Q
3 factors of metabolic syndrome
A
an increase in adipose tissue, changes in glucose metabolism, and changes in lipoprotein metabolism
6
Q
underlying cause of metabolic syndrome
A
is due to obesity and causes the release of insulin antagonists by adipose tissue
7
Q
causes of kyphosis in teens
A
poor posture, being taller than peers, and insecure of breasts
8
Q
structural scoliosis
A
primary spinal deformity in while 80% of cases are idiopathic and is often genetic, affecting females more
9
Q
functional scoliosis
A
is related to other secondary problems such as unequal leg growth or spinal nerve compression
10
Q
causes of osteomyelitis
A
often due to a fracture but can also be soft-tissue injury, bruise or sprain that leaves the area susceptible to microorganisms from another site like a boil, sinusitis, or abscess; sickle cell anemia also increases the risk
11
Q
most common causative agent of osteomyelitis
A
s aureus
12
Q
most common infection site of osteomyelitis
A
the metaphysis
13
Q
pathophysiology of osteomyelitis
A
pus develops and destroys the bone and creates pressure; new bone grows around infected area; the pus may tear through the bone, creating a sinus that allows the infection to spread to other tissues, often the joints
14
Q
still disease
A
type of JRA characterized by skin rash, spleen enlargement, and high fever
15
Q
what antibodies are present in JRA?
A
antinuclear antibodies
16
Q
treatment for JRA
A
NSAIDs and glucocorticoids
17
Q
emaciated meaning
A
thin and wasted (anorexia nervosa)
18
Q
signs of anorexia nervosa
A
the person appears emaciated, amenorrhea, cold intolerance, low BP, brittle nails, fine body hair, dry skin, and possibly osteoporosis
19
Q
complications of bulimia
A
electrolyte imbalances, erosion of tooth enamel, dental caries, enlarged salivary glands, ulcers and tears in the oral mucosa, and chronic esophagitis
20
Q
comedones
A
whiteheads or blackheads which are non inflammatory collections of sebum, epithelial cells, and bacteria that clog the sebaceous gland
21
Q
inflammatory acne
A
hair follicles swell and rupture and an opportunistic bacteria break down the sebum into irritating fatty acids, resulting in inflammation; then staphylococcal invade and create a pustule
22
Q
treatment for acne
A
peeling agents like benzoyl peroxide, tretinoin, and isotretinoin and antibacterial agents like tetracycline
23
Q
what cells does mono affect?
A
B lymphocytes
24
signs of mono
sore throat, fever, headache, fatigue, rash on the body, swollen lymph nodes, and an increase in monocytes and lymphocytes in the blood
25
complications of mono
ruptured spleen, hepatitis, or meningitis
26
klinefelter syndrome
affects males due to the presence of an additional X chromosome; hence XXY instead of XY
27
signs of klinefelter syndrome
mental retardation is common, small testes, sperm are not produced, and no secondary sex characteristics are present
28
turner syndrome
affects females due to a missing X chromosome
29
signs of turner syndrome
growth is retarded, no secondary sex characteristics, menstruation does not occur, and the heart may be affected
30
primary amenorrhea
is delayed menstruation or no period after age 17 which is usually caused by an abnormality in the genitals or damage in the pituitary gland or hypothalamus
31
causes of primary amenorrhea
competitive sports, thyroid disorders, or diabetes
32
dysmenorrhea
refers to discomfort during menstruation
33
gonadotropins
FSH and LH
34
what produces sex hormones at all stages of life in small quantities?
the adrenal cortex
35
why do teens have a decreased exercise tolerance?
due to the heart and lungs being fully developed but the muscles are not yet
36
why are skeletal abnormalities common in teens?
because muscular development lags behind skeletal development
37
complication of kyphosis
can interfere with lung expansion
38
degenerative scolosis
develops due to conditions like osteoporosis or osteoarthritis
39
secondary dysmenorrhea
is related to infections
40
embryonic stage meaning
is the stage from 3-8 weeks
41
when does the embryo heart start beating?
4 weeks
42
2 examples of viruses causing damage to the fetus during pregnancy?
rubella and erythema infectiosum
43
effects of erythema infectiosum on the fetus
causes severe anemia
44
effects of cigarette smoking in the fetus
low birthweight and increased irritability; tobacco also increases the risk of placenta previa and abruptio placentae
45
fetal alcohol syndrome signs
intellectual impairment, typical facies, and growth retardation
46
what can increased folic acid decrease the risks of?
spina bifida and anencephaly
47
when is the term fetus used?
after 8 weeks
48
effects of teratogens after 8 weeks?
have less effects on organs but still can severely impact neurological function
49
what is human chorionic gonadotropin secreted by?
the chronionic villi
50
positive/ absolute signs of pregnancy
detection of a fetal heartbeat, fetal movement detected by someone other than the mother, and visualization of the fetus with an ultrasound
51
auscultation
refers to listening to a heartbeat with a stethoscope
52
gestation meaning
refers to the amount of time since the first day of the last period
53
gravity meaning
refers to the number of pregnancies a woman has had
54
parity
refers to the number of pregnancies a woman has had past 22 weeks
55
primigravida meaning
refers to a women who is pregnant for the first time
56
amniocentesis
refers to a small withdrawal of amniotic fluid and some sloughed fetal cells from the uterus after 14 weeks and is recommended when there are signs of abnormality
57
chorionic villus sampling
can be done earlier in pregnancy than amniocentesis
58
thyroid and pregnancy
thyroxine secretions increase throughout pregnancy and the gland undergoes hyperplasia
59
how does the uterus change with pregnancy?
it will hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and fibrous tissue will increase; the number of blood vessels will also increase
60
goodwell sign
refers to softening of the tissues of the cervix and vagina during pregnancy
61
chadwick sign
refers to a deeper, purple colour of the mucosa in the cervix and vagina during pregnancy
62
how do the secretions of the cervix and vagina change during pregnancy?
secretions become thicker, more acidic, and higher in glycogen content
63
average weight gain during pregnancy
25 to 30 lbs
64
where does extra weight come from during pregnancy?
the baby, the placenta, the amniotic fluid, the breasts, the blood supply, the enlarged uterus, and extra fat
65
what ion does the fetus store towards the end of pregnancy?
iron
66
hyperemesis gravidarum
refers to severe vomiting during pregnancy
67
how does the digestive system change with pregnancy?
nausea and vomiting are common, along with bloating, constipation, heartburn, and a discomfort for certain foods
68
progesterone effect on the cardiovascular system
decreases vascular resistance by relaxing smooth muscle
69
how does the cardiovascular system change during pregnancy?
blood pressure and volume increase, HR increases, and vascular resistance increases; this increases the need for iron by the mother
70
secondary complications due to cardiovascular changes during pregnancy?
edema and congestion, varicose veins, nasal congestion, gingivitis, risk of emboli, and compression of the inferior vena cava when lying supine
71
best position for a pregnant women to lie in?
on her left side
72
what increases the risk of an ectopic pregnancy?
pelvic inflammatory disease
73
complications of an ectopic pregnancy
the tube may burst, leading to peritonitis and hemorrhage
74
pregnancy-induced hypertension
refers to a state of > 140/90 mm Hg that develops after 20 weeks
75
complications of pregnancy-induced hypertension
may damage vessels in the kidneys and eye, stroke, heart failure, and premature degeneration of the placenta
76
preeclampsia and eclampsia
are more serious conditions of higher pregnancy-induced hypertension that cause kidney dysfunction, weight gain, edema, and possibly HELLP
77
HELLP
refers to Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelets and can be a result of pregnancy-induced hypertension and can progress to coagulation disorders like disseminated intravascular coagulation
78
risk of a child born to a gestational diabetic mother
larger in size, stillborn, and risk for developing diabetes themselves
79
placenta previa
is a condition when the placenta is implanted in the lower cervix or cervical os, which increases the risk for placenta tearing which is painless
80
abruptio placentae
refers to premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall, resulting in dark red bleeding and abdominal discomfort
81
thromboembolisms
aka blood clots and these are common after childbirth and usually develop in the deep leg veins or pelvis; these form due to stasis of the blood and increased coagulability
82
disseminated intravascular coagulation
is often a secondary problem due to abruptio placentae and preeclampsia; this leads to increase in activation of clotting factors, resulting in both clots and hemorrhage
83
effects of hemolytic disease in the fetus
severe anemia, low hemoglobin, jaundice, and potential neurological damage
84
puerperal infection
is an infection of the reproductive tract anytime during the 6 weeks after birth; can be due to natural vagina flora or external microorgansisms
85
risks for developing puerperal infection
endometriosis, cervical lacerations, or episiotomy repairs
86
signs of puerperal infection
fever, vomiting, lower abdominal pain, and foul smelling discharge
87
pelvic cellulitis
refers to infection of the CT or broad ligament of the pelvis following puerperal infection
88
gestation period
refers to the time period between the first day of the last period and birth
89
what hormone causes changes in the uterus during pregnancy?
estrogen
90
senescence
refers to the period of old age to death
91
how does exercise slow aging?
increased CO improves nutrition and oxygen to tissues
92
what tissues cannot regenerate?
the myocardium and the brain
93
telomeres
shorten with each mitotic divison, and as these shorten, the signs of aging become more apparent
94
free radicals
are reactive proteins released during cell metabolism that damage nucleic acids and cells
95
how do tissues change with aging?
cells assume less regular arrangement, elastic fibres decrease, collagen cross fibres increase, and mitosis gradually slows, reducing tissue repair
96
why do hormones decrease with aging?
hormone secretions remain constant but receptors decrease
97
why does menopause occur?
the ovaries no longer respond to FSH and LH, ceasing ovulation
98
how does the female reproductive tract change with menopause?
the mucosa thins, elasticity is lost, there are decreased secretions, pH increases, breast volume decreases
99
how does the male reproductive tract change with aging?
testes shrink, sperm production decreases, glandular secretions decrease, and benign prostate hypertrophy often occurs (this obstructs the urethra)
100
how does the skin and mucosa change with aging?
skin and mucous membranes become thin and fragile, dermis is thinner, subQ tissue diminishes, there are fewer capillaries, glands atrophy, elastic fibres decrease, collagen becomes less flexible, and skin tags and keratoses are more common
101
how does the heart change with aging?
fatty tissues and collagen accumulate and this interferes with impulse conduction and contraction; number of myocardium cells decreases, left ventricle becomes smaller, and heart valves often thicken
102
how do the vessels change with aging?
arteries may thicken and narrow due to loss of elasticity and accumulation of collagen; atheromas may also develop, furthering narrowing the vessel and causing high BP, as well as an increased risk for thrombi
103
what fractures are common due to osteoporosis?
those in the spine, pelvis, and limbs
104
why are herniated discs common in older people?
due to degeneration of the fibrocartilage along with sudden stress on the spine
105
why is respiration impaired due to aging?
elasticity in the lungs decreases, the costal cartilage calcifies, skeletal muscle weakens and atrophies, and any skeletal changes will reduce thoracic movement
106
what are the effects of reduced respiration due to aging?
decreased expiration, increased residual volume, risk of infections increased, coughing is reduced, and reduced oxygen efficiency
107
degenerative changes in the brain due to aging?
lipid accumulation in neurons, loss of myelin, development of neurofibrils and plaques, and decreased response to neurotransmitters
108
changes in the eye due to aging
iris and its muscles degenerate, restricting pupil adjustments, aqueous humor flow is obstructed while can lead to glaucoma, the lens becomes yellow and less transparent, as well as larger and less elastic, and the retina degenerates
109
changes in the ear due to aging
nerve receptors cell in the cochlea and those supplying the ear degenerate, causing difficulty hearing
110
how is taste affected due to aging?
reduced salivary secretions and decreased perception within the CNS
111
how does the digestive system change with aging?
salivary secretions decrease, the mucosa of the oral cavity thins, loss of teeth may occur due to periodontal disease, swallowing difficulties due to neurological damage or scar tissue, basal metabolic rate decreases, constipation, decreased gastric secretions, and peptic ulcers are all common
112
how is kidney function reduced with aging?
the number of glomeruli decrease and tubules degenerate, the ability to adapt to pH changes reduces, and reduced control over the bladder due to weakened muscles (this leads to decreased emptying and incontinence)
113
why are infections common during aging?
reduced blood circulation, delayed healing, and reduced production of lymphocytes
114
what hormone secretion structures remain normal during aging?
the pancreas, the pituitary, the thyroid, the parathyroids, and adrenals
115
dyspareunia
refers to pain during intercourse
116
lentigines
are dark and flat macules often present on the face and hands and are associated with aging
117
organic brain syndrome
includes senile dementia and alzheimer's and is characterized by plaques and neurofibrils
118
presbyopia
is an eye condition resulting from a thicker and less elastic lens
119
