HLTH endocrine review Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
hormones affecting blood glucose levels
A
insulin, cortisol, epinephrine, glucagon, and GH
2
Q
neurohypophysis
A
posterior pituitary gland
3
Q
adenohypophysis
A
anterior pituitary gland
4
Q
steroid hormones
A
are lipids and enter the cell to act on the nucleus to engage in transcription of mRNA
5
Q
nonsteroid hormones
A
require a second messenger for the formation of mRNA
6
Q
GH role
A
stimulates protein synthesis
7
Q
glucagon role
A
increase blood glucose and stimulates glycogenolysis; released from alpha pancreatic cells
8
Q
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
A
increase metabolic rate in all cells
9
Q
what cells release insulin
A
beta pancreatic cells
10
Q
role of insulin
A
promotes movement of glucose into cells
11
Q
most common cause of endocrine disorders
A
an adenoma which is a benign tumor; this causes either a deficit or excessive amount of hormone secretion
12
Q
tropic hormone meaning
A
hormones that have a stimulating effect on other endocrine glands
13
Q
ectopic source of hormone meaning
A
hormones are secreted from an outside source such as in bronchogenic cancer; in these cases, levels or tropic hormones are low
14
Q
what hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and then transported to the neurohypophysis?
A
ADH and oxytocin; these are the only 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland
15
Q
FSH in men
A
stimulates sperm production
16
Q
LH in men
A
stimulates testosterone production
17
Q
diabetes mellitus
A
is caused by a deficit of insulin secretion or impaired uptake of glucose by cells (insulin resistance)
18
Q
anabolic hormone meaning
A
it synthesizes complex substances from simple molecules; insulin is an anabolic hormone
19
Q
what do deficient insulin levels result in?
A
abnormal fat, carb, and protein metabolism because transport of amino acids and glucose into cells is impaired
20
Q
what structures do not depend on glucose uptake?
A
the brain, digestive tract, and skeletal muscle
21
Q
type I diabetes
A
usually develops in children but can develop in adults and results from an autoimmune issue or genetic factors; the pancreatic beta cells are destroyed and there is an absolute insulin deficiency, therefore replacement is needed
22
Q
risks of diabetes
A
strokes, MIs, peripheral vascular disease, amputation, kidney failure, and blindness
23
Q
type II diabetes
A
is characterized by decreased effectiveness of insulin or relative deficit of insulin and often develops later in life due to lifestyle and obesity
24
Q
metabolic syndrome
A
common in adolescents and can lead to type II diabetes; is marked by obesity, cardiovascular changes, and significant insulin resistance due to increased adipose tissue
25
gestational diabetes
occurs during pregnancy but disappears after
26
latent autoimmune diabetes
is a slow onset of type I diabetes in adults
27
maturity-onset diabetes of the young
is caused by a mutation is an autosomal dominant gene
28
diabetes insipidus
not related to insulin but to a deficit of ADH or the kidneys do not respond to the hormone
29
diabetes insipidus signs
polyuria and increased thirst; dehydration may develop
30
polydipsia
refers to dehydration causing thirst due to insulin deficit
31
polyphagia
refers to stimulates appetite due to cells having a lack of nutrients resulting from insulin deficit
32
why does diabetic ketoacidosis occur?
a lack of glucose causing catabolism of fats and proteins, breaking fats down into fatty acids and their metabolites called ketones; ketones bind with HCO3-, decreasing the pH
33
what are ketones?
acetone and two organic acids (beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid)
34
signs of diabetes
thirst, hunger, polyuria (especially at night), dry mouth, itchy skin, and blurred vision
35
3 P's
polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia; these are the initial diabetes signs
36
blood level to confirm diabetes diagnosis
> 126 mg/Dl
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3 tests for diabetes
the fasting blood glucose level, glucose tolerance test, and glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c)
38
glucometer
is an at home machine used to test blood glucose levels
39
benefits of exercise for diabetes
exercise increase the uptake of glucose from muscles without increasing insulin use
40
risk of prolonged exercise
hypoglycemia
41
first drug of choice for type II diabetes
metformin; this reduces insulin resistance and is used when exercise and diet are not effective
42
why must insulin be injected?
because it will be destroyed in the GI tract if taken orally
43
3 types of insulin's
rapid-onset, short acting; intermediate acting; and slow-onset, long acting
44
example of an intermediate acting insulin
lente
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example of a slow-acting, long lasting insulin
protamine zinc or ultralente
46
when may insulin doses be adjusted?
infection with high fever and vomiting or surgery
47
when might hypoglycemia develop for those with diabetes?
following exercise, vomiting, skipping a meal, or an error in dosage
48
why does a lack of glucose affect the nervous system?
neurons need glucose but cannot use fats or proteins
49
signs of hypoglycemia
are related to impaired neurological function (lack of coordination, slurred speech, and poor concentration) and the activation of the SNS (increased pulse, pale skin, anxiety, and tremors)
50
what is ketoacidosis caused by?
usually infection or stress, but also may result from an error in dosage or overindulgence in foods or alcohol
51
signs of ketoacidosis characterization
are characterized by dehydration, acidosis, and electrolyte imbalance
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dehydration signs of ketoacidosis
thirst, rough and dry oral mucosa, warm and dry skin, rapid, weak pulse, low BP, and oliguria
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acidosis signs of ketoacidosis
rapid deep respirations, acetone breath, lethargy, and decreased responsiveness
54
Kussmaul respirations
refers to rapid, deep respirations heard in ketoacidosis
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signs of electrolyte imbalances in ketoacidosis
abdominal cramping, weakness, lethargy, and nausea/vomiting
56
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma
common in those with type II diabetes and occurs often following an overindulgence in carbohydrates, resulting in hyperglycemia and dehydration
57
signs of a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma
neurologic defects, muscle weakness, difficulties with speech, and abnormal reflexes
58
3 types of macroangiopathy complications with diabetes
MI, stroke, and peripheral vascular disorder; these develop due to hypertension and hyperlipidemia
59
3 types of microangiopathy complications with diabetes
damage to the eyes, kidneys and nervous system; this results due to the capillary basement membrane becoming thick and hard, leading to obstruction or rupture
60
what causes ulcers to develop with diabetes
obstruction of the arteries in the lower limbs and this can be aggravated by peripheral neuropathy
61
peripheral neuropathy signs
impaired sensation, numbness, tingling, weakness, and muscle wasting
62
why are infections more common in diabetics?
due to vascular impairment which decreases tissue resistance, increased blood glucose levels, and decreased healing from decreased insulin
63
common infections in diabetics
tuberculosis, candidal infections, and periodontal disease/dental caries
64
why may diabetes lead to cataracts?
due to abnormal glucose metabolism that results in accumulated sorbitol and water in the lens, which may lead to blindness
65
how do many oral hypoglycemic drugs act?
they stimulate the pancreas to produce more insulin
66
tetany
muscle twitching and spasms that can be caused by hypocalcemia; first noticed in the hands and face
67
hypoparathyroidism causes
autoimmune, radiation or surgery in the neck, or a congenital disorder
68
general effects of hypocalcemia
weak cardiac muscle contraction and excitability of nerves
69
hyperparathyroidism causes
is caused by an adenoma, hyperplasia, or secondary to renal failure
70
general effects of hypercalcemia
forceful cardiac contractions and osteoporosis; also creates an increased risk for kidney stones
71
signs of pressure on the brain resulting from tumors
headaches, seizures, visual disturbances, and drowsiness
72
panhypopituitarism
cessation of pituitary function due to a tumor, resulting in loss of gonadal, thyroid, and adrenal function
73
dwarfism
is due to a deficit of GH or somatotropin-releasing hormone; intelligence and proportions are normal, but there is a delay is skeletal maturation and puberty
74
gigantism
is an excess of GH before closure of the epiphyses and puberty
75
acromegaly
is excess GH as an adult and is usually caused by an adenoma; soft tissues grow, bones become larger and heavier, the skull thickens, the facial features change, and the hands and feet are larger
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complications of acromegaly
thickening of the skull may compress nerves and vessels, carpal tunnel syndrome, large tongue, and protruding jaw are common; this also affects glucose metabolism so there is an increased risk for diabetes; hypertension may also develop
77
inappropriate ADH syndrome
is due to excess ADH which results in fluid retention and signs are related to hyponatremia so are mental confusion and irritability
78
two thyroid hormones
thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
79
goiter
is an enlargement of the thyroid gland which is visible on the neck; may be due to both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid issues
80
complications of goiters
can cause pressure on the esophagus or trachea, interfering with swallowing
81
endemic goiter
is a hypothyroid condition caused in certain geographical areas when there are low iodine levels in the soil and food; this causes high TSH levels, causing hyperplasia and hypertrophy in the thyroid gland
82
role of iodine for thyroid
is it used to synthesize T3 and T4
83
goitrogens
are foods that contain elements that block synthesis of T3 and T4 but increase TSH secretions, causing hyperplasia of the thyroid gland; can be cabbage, turnips, fluoride, and lithium
84
toxic goiter
is a hyperthyroid resulting from hyperactivity of the thyroid gland often due to increased secretions of TSH
85
graves disease
is a hyperthyroid condition related to an autoimmune factor, causing hypermetabolism, toxic goiter, and exophthalmos; is common in women 30+
86
exophthalmos
is protruding, staring eyes with decreased blinking; is a result of increased tissue mass in the eye and increased SNS stimulation; common in graves disease
87
thyrotoxic crisis
occurs in those with hyperthyroidism and may follow surgery or infection; causes hyperthermia, tachycardia, and delirium
88
general hyperthyroidism signs
tachycardia, heat intolerance, high metabolic rate, flushed and warm skin, and restlessness
89
general hypothyroidism signs
brachycardia, cold intolerance, low metabolic rate, pale, cool, and edema skin, and slow intellectual functions
90
hashimoto thyroiditis
is an autoimmune disorder and is hypothyroidism
91
myxedema
is characterized by thick tongue and nonpitting edema, often in the face; is a hypothyroidism condition
92
cretinism
is a congenital hypothyroidism disorder when the thyroid gland is absent or nonfunctional and this severely impacts growth
93
causes of cretinism
iodine deficiency during pregnancy or a developmental defect
94
signs of cretinism
delayed growth, extreme lethargy, feeding difficulties, delayed tooth eruption, and large, protruding tongue
95
pheochromocytoma
is a benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes secretions of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other hormones; tumor originates in the sympathetic chain
96
signs of a pheochromocytoma
hypertension, headache, sweating, anxiety, and heart palpitations; catecholamines are also released reinforcing these
97
cushing syndrome
is an excess of glucocorticoids often caused by an adenoma on the adrenal medulla or posterior pituitary, an ectopic carcinoma, or large intake of glucocorticoids for medication
98
signs of cushing syndrome
moon face, fat on the back of the neck, muscle wasting, fragile skin, increased hair growth, osteoporosis, hypertension, and edema
99
complications of cushing's syndrome
diabetes, osteoporosis, and suppression of the immune response
100
addison's disease
is a deficiency of adrenocortical secretions including glucocorticoids, androgens, and mineralocorticoids; usually is caused by autoimmune conditions in which infection will destroy the adrenal gland
101
signs of addison's disease
fatigue, poor stress response, decreased blood glucose levels, low BP, weight loss, hyperpigmentation, decreased body hair, and frequent infections
102
multiple endocrine neoplasia type I
is a rare genetic disorder caused by a gene mutation that affects endocrine glands and can cause benign tumors to develop that interfere with hormone secretion
