HLTH 2501: review of the endocrine system

Question 1

major endocrine glands

Answer 1

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, two adrenal glands, the thyroid gland, four parathyroid glands, and parts of the pancreas, gonads, and the thymus

Question 2

endocrine glands

Answer 2

secrete hormones directly into the blood

Question 3

exocrine glands

Answer 3

secrete into a duct, such as mucus, serous glands, or pancreatic duct

Question 4

hormones and classification

Answer 4

are chemicals messengers and are classified by action, source, or chemical structure

Question 5

what hormones affect blood glucose levels

Answer 5

insulin, glucagen, epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone

Question 6

two chemical structures of hormones

Answer 6

steroids and non steroids

Question 7

steroids

Answer 7

lipids that enter the cell and nucleus and act directly in the nucleus to engage in transcription (mRNA)

Question 8

non steroids

Answer 8

hormones that need a second messenger system to finally activate the formation of mRNA

Question 9

what happens once a hormone arrives at a target cell?

Answer 9

acts on specific receptors, then are metabolized or inactivated by the target tissues or the liver and excreted by the kidneys

Question 10

hypothalamic releasing hormones

Answer 10

send stimuli to anterior pituitary to release specific hormones

Question 11

hypothalamic inhibiting hormones

Answer 11

decrease release of specific hormone by anterior pituitary

Question 12

growth hormone

Answer 12

released by the adenohypophysis and stimulates protein synthesis

Question 13

adrenocorticotropic hormone

Answer 13

releases from the adenohypophysis and stimulates to adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol

Question 14

thyroid stimulating hormone

Answer 14

released from the adenohypophysis and stimulates the thyroid gland

Question 15

follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 15

released from the adenohypophysis and stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and estrogen stimulate in women and sperm production in men

Question 16

luteinizing hormone

Answer 16

released from the adenohypophysis and stimulates maturation of ovum and ovulation in women and stimulates secretion of testosterone in men

Question 17

prolactin

Answer 17

released from the adenohypophysis and stimulates breast milk production during lactation

Question 18

adenohypophysis

Answer 18

the front lobe of your pituitary gland

Question 19

what hormones are released from your adenohypophysis?

Answer 19

prolactin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, growth hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone

Question 20

ADH

Answer 20

released from neurohypophysis and stimulates increased reabsorption of water in the kidneys

Question 21

neurohypophysis

Answer 21

posterior pituitary lobe

Question 22

oxytocin

Answer 22

released from neurohypophysis and stimulates contraction of uterus during contractions and stimulates ejection of breast milk during lactation

Question 23

insulin

Answer 23

released from the pancreas and transports glucose into cells to lower blood glucose levels

Question 24

glucagon

Answer 24

released from pancreatic cells and increases blood glucose levels via glycogenolysis in the liver

Question 25

parathyroid hormone

Answer 25

released by the parathyroid gland and increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone demineralization

Question 26

calcitonin

Answer 26

released by the thyroid gland and decreases the release of calcium from the bone to lower blood calcium

Question 27

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

Answer 27

released by the thyroid gland and increases the metabolic rate in all cells

Question 28

aldosterone

Answer 28

released by the adrenal cortex and increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys

Question 29

cortisol

Answer 29

released from the adrenal cortex and exerts anti inflammatory effects and decreases the immune response; part of the stress response and has a catabolic effect on tissues

Question 30

norepinephrine

Answer 30

released from the adrenal medulla and causes general vasoconstriction

Question 31

epinephrine

Answer 31

released by the adrenal medulla and is part of the stress response, causing vasoconstriction is skin and visceral organs, and vasodilation in skeletal muscles; it also causes bronchodilation and increases the rate and force of heart contraction

Question 32

what is the release of hormones usually controlled by?

Answer 32

a negative feedback mechanism

Question 33

endocrine and nervous system

Answer 33

they work together to regulate metabolic activities; ex. the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland constitute a complex control system for some hormones

Question 34

what is necessary to check when there are hormone defects or excess?

Answer 34

the pituitary gland

Question 35

antagonistic hormones

Answer 35

those that have opposing effects; ex. PTH and calcitonin

Question 36

function of the endocrine system

Answer 36

to coordinate body cells to regulate organs and allow us to adapt

Question 37

how does the endocrine system regulate organs?

Answer 37

growth and development, reproduction, digeston, and balancing water and electrolytes

Question 38

how does the endocrine system allow up to adapt

Answer 38

stress responses (ex. fight or flight) and responding to environmental changes (ex. changing metabolism)

Question 39

what does