HLTH skin review Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
2 ways that skin controls body temperature
A
cutaneous vasodilation and excretion of sweat
2
Q
keratin
A
is a protein found in skin, hair, and nails that prevents water loss and entry into these areas
3
Q
what skin layer is only found in thicker skin?
A
stratum lucidum
4
Q
keratinization
A
is the process of cells forming in the stratum basale and moving upward and filling with keratin to eventually end up on the surface
5
Q
albinism
A
is a recessive congenital condition in which the body lacks production of melanin
6
Q
vitiligo
A
refers to areas of hypopigmentation in the skin that may gradually spread
7
Q
Melasma, or chloasma
A
refers to areas of darker skin, often on the face, that may develop during pregnancy
8
Q
anatomy of dermis
A
thick layer of CT that contains elastic and collagen fibres
9
Q
papillae
A
junction of the dermis and epidermis
10
Q
sebum
A
keeps the skin soft and hinders fluid loss; sebum secretions increase with puberty
11
Q
eccrine glands
A
aka merocrine glands and these are located all over the body and secrete sweat through pores
12
Q
apocrine glands
A
secretions open up into hair follicles and these are abundant in the axillae, face, scalp, and external genitalia
13
Q
what is contained in the hypodermis
A
CT, fat, vessels, macrophages, and fibroblasts
14
Q
only layer of the skin where mitosis occurs
A
stratum basalis
15
Q
what layer does keratin production begin?
A
stratum granulosum
16
Q
what produces hair?
A
the stratum basalis
17
Q
macule
A
small, flat, and different colour than the skin
18
Q
papule
A
small, firm, and elevated
19
Q
nodule
A
like a paule (small, firm, and elevated) but penetrates deeper into the skin
20
Q
pustule
A
elevated, red, and contains pus
21
Q
vesicle
A
elevated, thin-walled, and contains fluid
22
Q
plaque
A
large, elevated, flat surface, and scale-like layers
23
Q
crust
A
rough surface with dried blood or exudate
24
Q
lichenification
A
thick, dry, and rough surface like leather
25
keloid
raised, irregular, and results from excessive scar tissue
26
fissure
small, deep, linear crack in skin
27
ulcer
cavity with loss of tissue from epidermis and dermis
28
erosion
shallow moist cavity in only the epidermis
29
comedone
mass of sebum, cell debris, and keratin blocking a hair follicle
30
why does itching occur?
release of histamine and activation of pain receptors
31
contact dermatitis
is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction caused by allergens or direct chemical or mechanical damage to the skin
32
signs of allergic contact dermatitis
itching, red, swollen, and small vesicles
33
signs of non-allergic contact dermatitis
itching, red, and swollen (no vesicles)
34
treatment for contact dermatitis
topical glucocorticoids
35
urticaria meaning and other name
hives
36
hives
a result of a type I hypersensitivity reaction, commonly caused by ingested substances
37
hives signs
itching and hard, raised, red lesions
38
complication of hives
may develop in the pharyngeal mucosa and cause airway obstruction
39
treatment for hives
antihistamines
40
atopic dermatitis other name
eczema
41
atopic meaning
inherited tendency toward allergic conditions
42
family history for eczema
eczema, hay fever, and asthma
43
what areas are normally affected by eczema?
flexor surfaces of the arms and legs and the hands and feet
44
what antibody is increased in eczema?
IgE
45
eczema signs in infants
itching, moist, red, vesicular, and crusty lesions which are symmetrical
46
eczema signs in adults
dry, itching, and scaling skin with lichenification lesions
47
treatment for eczema
topical glucocorticoids and antihistamines
48
psoriasis
genetic, chronic inflammatory skin disorder that can spread to the joints and is characterized by remissions and exacerbations and the increased thickening and shedding of the skin
49
how does psoriasis develop?
abnormal activation and T cells and release of cytokines in tissues; this leads to an excessive proliferation of keratinocytes
50
psoriasis signs
red, small papule that enlarges and develops a sliverly, plaque, joint inflammation, and pitted nails
51
treatment for psoriasis
topical therapy (corticosteroids and vitamin D), light therapy, and oral medications
52
pemphigus
is an autoimmune disorder that occurs in two forms; autoantibodies disrupt the cohesion between epidermal cells, causing blisters to form
53
pemphigus vulgaris
more common form in which the epidermis separates above the basal layer
54
pemphigus vulgaris signs
painful and not itchy blisters in mouth that spread to the skin; breathing problems may develop
55
pemphigus foliaceus
not painful and not itchy blisters on the skin
56
treatment for pemphigus
immunosuppressants and glucocorticoids
57
scleroderma
can affect both the skin and the viscera and is a result of increased collagen deposits; this causes reduced blood flow, leading to inflammation and fibrosis
58
signs of scleroderma
hard, shiny immovable areas of skin, loss of facial expression, and narrow and shortened fingertips; if in the viscera, renal, respiratory, or intestinal failure may develop
59
dupuytren’s contracture
is a slowly developing hand deformity that includes the development of knots underneath the skin, leading to a bent position of the hands
60
cellulitis
is an infection of the dermis and subQ tissue (commonly in the lower trunk and legs), usually arising secondary to an injury, furuncle, or ulcer, and is common in immunosuppressed individuals
61
causative organism for cellulitis
S aureus
62
signs of cellulitis
swelling, redness, pain, and red streaks running parallel to lymphatic vessels
63
furuncle
aka boil; infection that begins in a hair follicle and spreads into the surrounding dermis; common on the face, neck, and back
64
causative organism for furuncles
S aureus
65
signs of a furuncle
firm, red, painful nodule which develops into an abscess with purulent exudate
66
autoinoculation
refers to transfer of microorganism to one site to another commonly by the fingers
67
carbuncles
are a collection of furuncles that coalesce to form a larger mass
68
treatment for furuncles
warm compressions and pain medication
69
impetigo
highly contagious bacterial infection common in children
70
causative organism for impetigo
S aureus or a group-A beta hemolytic streptococcus
71
signs of impetigo
small red vesicles that erupt to form a yellow-brown crust with honey liquid and itching
72
treatment of impetigo
topical antibiotics
73
acute necrotizing fasciitis
rapid tissue invasion resulting in reduced blood flow and toxic protease enzymes, producing toxic shock
74
causative organism for acute necrotizing fasciitis
gram-positive, group A, beta-hemolytic Streptococcus pyogenes
75
signs of acute necrotizing fasciitis
inflamed, painful, growing infection with dermal gangrene; systemic effects of toxic shock are fever, tachycardia, low BP, mental confusion, and possible organ failure
76
what does acute necrotizing fasciitis get misdiagnosed with?
cellulitis
77
treatment for acute necrotizing fasciitis
aggressive antimicrobial therapy, fluid replacements, removal of infected tissue, and oxygen therapy
78
causative organism of leprosy
mycobacterium leprae
79
leprosy
bacterial infection that is not that contagious and occurs in two types: multibacillary and paucibacillary
80
what areas of the body does leprosy affect?
the skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nerves
81
paucibacillary
type of leprosy with less widespread lesions
82
multibacillary
type of leprosy that is more widespread with more tissue damage
83
signs of leprosy
macule skin lesions with no distinct borders and loss of feeling due to nerve damage
84
treatment for leprosy
antibiotics (rifampicin, minocycline, and ofloxacin)
85
bacteria skin infections
cellulitis, furuncles, impetigo, leprosy, and acute necrotizing fasciitis
86
how is herpes simplex spread?
direct contact with fluid from the lesion
87
complications of herpes simplex
can spread to the eyes, causing keratitis, or to the fingers causing herpetic whitlow
88
keratitis
is infection and ulceration of the cornea
89
herpes simplex lesions
painful vesicles that rupture to form a crust
90
verrucae
are warts caused by HPV; can be plantar, genital, or cervical warts
91
what are plantar warts caused by?
HPV 1-4
92
what are genital warts caused by?
HPV 6 and 11
93
what is cervical cancer caused by?
HPV 16 and 18
94
verrucae lesions
a papule with a distinct border and a rough, tan or white surface; sometimes are painful
95
mycoses
means fungal infection
96
what do fungi live off of?
the dead keratin of the skin
97
tinea capitis
is a fungal infection of the scalp
98
tinea capitis causative organisms
microsporum canis (from dogs and cats) or trichophyton tonsurans (from humans)
99
signs of tinea capitis
a circular bald patch, redness, and scaling
100
treatment for tinea capitis
oral antifungal called griseofulvin
101
tinea corporis
fungal infection of the non hairy body parts and appears as ringworm
102
tinea corporis signs
round red rings of vesicles or papules with clear centres and itching and/or burning
103
treatment for tinea corporis
topical antifungals like tolnaftate or ketoconazol
104
tinea pedis
aka athletes foot which involves the toes and feet; organisms can be opportunistic but spread under conditions of excessive warmth and moisture
105
causative organism for tinea pedis
trichophyton mentagrophytes or trichophyton rubrum
106
signs of tinea pedis
skin between toes becomes inflamed, painful and itchy fissures appear, and foul odor of the feet
107
tinea unguium
fungal infection of the toenails, in which the nail turns white then brown, thickens, cracks, and spreads to other nails
108
scabies
is invasion from a mite called sarcoptes scabiei, in which a mite penetrates the skin and reproduces, causing baby mites to penetrate other areas of the skin
109
signs of scabies
tiny light brown lines on the skin; small vesicles, swelling, redness, and itching due to fecal matter
110
common sites for scabies
between the fingers, the wrists, the waistline, and the inner surface of elbows
111
treatment for scabies
topical treatment with lindane
112
pediculosis meaning
lice
113
treatment for lice
topical permethrin, malathion, or pyrethrin and a fine tooth comb
114
keratoses
are benign lesions associated with aging or skin damage
115
seborrheic keratoses
result from basal cell proliferation, leading to an elevation darker in colour; often found on the face and upper neck
116
actinic keratoses
are the result of UV exposure and are common in fair skinned people and display are a pigmented, scaly patch; may develop into squamous cell carcinoma
117
squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
painless malignant tumor of the epidermis that develop as a result of sun exposure, leukoplakia, scar tissue, or smoking
118
signs of squamous cell carcinoma
scaly, slightly elevated and red lesion with an irregular border that may develop some central ulceration
119
where does squamous cell carcinoma spread to?
the lymph nodes
120
malignant melanoma
serious cancer that develops from melanocytes from the basal layer and is due to UV exposure, genetic influence, and hormones
121
nevus
word for mole which is a collection of melanocytes
122
kaposi sarcoma
is common in AIDs patients and develops from the endothelium of small blood vessels
123
what may be a cause of kaposi sarcoma
herpesvirus 8
124
signs of kaposi sarcoma
non-painful and non-itchy purple macules on the face, oral mucosa, scalp, and lower extremities
125
what layer of the epidermis contributes to protein synthesis for keratin?
the stratum spinosum
126
eledin
found in the stratum lucidum and is later transformed to keratin
