HLTH module 3: immunity Flashcards by Saje Allen

structures of the lymphatic system

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, intestinal lymphoid tissue, and lymphatic circulation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what does the immune system consist of?

the lymphoid structures, immune cells, tissues concerned with immune cell development, and chemical mediators

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what structures remove foreign materials

lymphocytes and macrophages

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what structures produce and develop immune cells?

the bone marrow and the thymus; all cells originate in the bone marrow and the thymus is significant during fetal development

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

role of thymus in immune cells

it programs the immune cells to ignore self-antigens

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chemical mediators

include chemicals such as histamines and interleukins that can play a role in the immune reaction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

anitgen

a foreign substance that stimulates immune response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

antibody

specific protein produced in the humoral response to bind with an antigen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

autoantibody

antibodies against self-antigens; body attacks itself

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

function of neutrophils

phagocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

function of basophils

releases histamine during anaphlylaxis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

eosinophils

participate in allergic reactions and are defence against parasites

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

monocytes

migrate from the bloodstream to become macrophages

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

B lymphocytes

humoral immunity-activated cell that becomes an anti-body producing plasma cell or a B memory cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are T lymphocytes involved in?

cell-mediated immunity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

memory T cells

remember antigen and quickly stimulate an immune response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

helper T cells

activate B and T cells to control or limit specific immune responses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

complement proteins

group of inactive proteins in the circulation that, when activated, stimulate the release of other chemical mediators, promoting inflammation, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

prostaglandins

group of lipids with varying effects; some cause inflammation, vasodilation, and increased permeability

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

leukotrienes

group of lipids, derived from mast cells and basophils; causes contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and have a role in inflammation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cytokine examples

lymphokines, monokines, interferons, and interleukins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cytokines

produced by macrophages and activated T lymphocytes; stimulate activation and proliferation of B and T cells, communication between cells, and are involved in inflammation, fever, and leukocytosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chemotactic factors

attract phagocytes to area of inflammation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are antigens composed of?

usually a combination of complex proteins or polysaccharides, or glycoproteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

what are specific antibodies produced by?

B lymphocytes

major histocompatibility complex

antigen molecules present in genes (chromosome 6); has an essential role in activation and regulation of the immune response

autoimmune diseases

occur when the immune system no longer recognizes self from non-self and begins to attack its own cells and structures

mononuclear phagocytic system

occurs when monocytes develop into macrophages

where are macrophages present?

the liver, lungs, and lymph nodes

what occurs after macrophages engulf materials?

they display the antigens on their cell membranes, allowing the lymphocytes to respond to this display and initiate the immune response

what do macrophages secrete?

monokines and interleukins

primary cell in the immune response

the lymphocyte

where do T lymphocytes develop from?

stem cells held in the thymus

what type of immunity are T lymphocytes involved in?

cell-mediated

what do T lymphocytes do?

recognize antigens and create an army of more T and B lymphocytes to attack the invader

two subgroups of T cells

CD4 (helper) and CD8 (killer)

what secretes cytokines?

T lymphocytes

B lymphocytes role

produce antibodies

where do B lymphocytes come from?

the bone marrow then proceed to the spleen and lymphoid tissue

natural killer cells

destroy tumor cells and virus cells without any prior exposure and sensitization

another name for antibodies

immunoglobulins

anatomy of antibodies

each has a unique sequence of amino acids attached to a common base

how do antibodies destroy antigens?

they bind to a specific matching antigen and through this, destroy it

where are antibodies found?

the general circulation

5 classes of antibodies

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD

most common antibody in the blood

IgG

how is the complement system activated?

when an anitgen-antibody complex binds to the first complement component (C1), a sequence of activating steps will occur

result of the complement system?

destruction of the antigen by lysis

two steps of the immune response

primary response (first exposure to the antigen) and secondary response (repeat exposure to the same antigen_

4 types of acquired immunity

natural active, artificial active, natural passive, and artificial passive

natural active immunity

acquired by direct exposure to an antigen

activate artificial immunity

develops when a specific antigen is purposefully introduced into the body, stimulating the production of antibodies; ex. viruses

passive immuntiy

occurs when antibodies are transferred from one person to another

passive natural immunity

occurs when IgG is transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta or through breast milk; protects the infant for the first few months of life

passive artificial immunity

results from the injection of antibodies from a person or animal into a second person; ex. rabies antiserum or snake antivenom

herd immunity

a phenomenon in which a high percentage of the population is vaccinated or has experienced a prior infection of the disease, thus decreasing the chances of spreading the disease

examples of autoimmune diseases

hashimoto thyroiditis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatic fever, pernicious anemia, and hyperthyroidism

what occurs in autoimmune reactions?

inflammation and tissue necrosis due to self-antigens not being recognized

systemic lupus erythematosus

a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects a number of systems, creating a facial rash around the nose and cheeks

discoid lupus erythematosus

a less serious version of SLE affecting only the skin

who does SLE primarily affect?

women aged 10-50, higher in black, natives, asian, and hispanic individuals

cause of SLE

not established but appears to be a combination of genetic, hormonal (estrogen levels), and environmental factors (UV light)

what is SLE characterised by?

the presence of large number of circulating autoantibodies against DNA, platelets, RBCs, nucleic acid, and other cellular materials such as antinuclear antibodies

why does skin inflammation occur in SLE?

due to immune complexes (especially those with anti-DNA antibodies) are deposited in CT's, activating the complement system, inflammation, and tissue necrosis

vasculitis

inflammation of the blood vessels and this occurs in SLE; also causes ischemia to cells, causing tissue necrosis

common sites for vasculitis in SLE individuals

the kidneys, lungs, heart, brain, skin, joints, and GI tract

diagnosis for SLE

vasculitis impacting at least four body areas

clinical signs for SLE

skin rash and joint inflammation are initial symptoms which progress to kidney and lung involvement; later symptoms include chest pain, depression, anemia, hair loss, and oral ulcers

diagnosis for SLE

looks for the presence of antinuclear antibodies in blood serum, as well as lupus erythematosus cells which are mature neutrophils containing nuclear materials; low RBC, leukocyte, lymphocytes, and platelets are also common

SLE treatment

often treated by a rheumatologist and glucocorticoids and NSAIDS are often used to treat the inflammation and decrease the immune response

how to prevent SLE flare ups?

avoidance of sun and excessive fatigue