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Anatomy and Phyisology > HLTH: review of muscle and integumentary > Flashcards

HLTH: review of muscle and integumentary Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

what is the function of unique markings on bones?

A

to provide an attachment site for tendons or for the passage of nerves and vessels

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2
Q

functions of bones

A

movement, protection for the viscera, and metabolic storage of calicum

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3
Q

bone matrix

A

collagen fibres and calcium phosphate salts (hydroxyapatite)

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4
Q

dynamic equilibrium of bone

A

osteoblasts produce new bone and osteoclasts degrade bone

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5
Q

what is the bone stem cell and where is it derived from?

A

osteoprogenitor cells which are derived from embryonic mesenchymal cells

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6
Q

what do osteoprogenitor cells divide into?

A

osteoblasts

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7
Q

osteoblast function

A

secrete new bone matrix

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8
Q

what do osteoclasts come from?

A

macrophage progenitor cells

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9
Q

osteoclast function

A

resorption of bone tissue

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10
Q

two types of bones

A

compact and spongy

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11
Q

spongy bones

A

less dense and form the interior structure of bones; these lack haversian systems

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12
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

is the site of longitudinal bone growth and this is promoted by growth hormone and sex hormones

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13
Q

epiphyseal line

A

is the epiphyseal plate in adulthood once growth ceases; this stops when the epiphyseal plate ossifies

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14
Q

what kind of CT is articular cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

hormones that change bone density?

A

growth hormone, PTH, or cortisol

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16
Q

osteoporosis

A

the loss of bone density caused by loss of calcium salts; common in older women

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17
Q

what is the bone covered with?

A

periosteum which is a fibrous CT; it is also covered by articular cartilage at tips of bones

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18
Q

what does the periosteum contain?

A

osteoblasts, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics

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19
Q

what is the medullary cavity lined with?

A

endosteum that contains osteoblasts

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20
Q

where is red bone marrow found?

A

the cranium, vertebral bodies, ribs, sternum, and ilia

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21
Q

four basic functions of skeletal muscle

A

to facilitate body movement by muscle contraction, to maintain body position by muscle tone, to stabilize the joints and prevent excessive movement, and to maintain body temperature

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22
Q

involuntary skeletal muscle movement

A

occurs for respiratory movement, postural reflexes, blinking, shivering, or certain facial expressions

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23
Q

what creates striated appearance?

A

the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments within the muscle fibres

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24
Q

3 muscle layers

A

epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium

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25
epimysium
surrounds the entire muscle
26
perimysium
surrounds the muscle fascicles
27
endomysium
surrounds the individual muscle fibres (cells)
28
motor unit
is the motor neuron of the spinal cord and all the muscle fibres it stimulates
29
neuromuscular junction
is where the synapse between the end of the motor nerve and the receptor site in the muscle fibre is located
30
what neurotransmitter is released for muscle contraction?
acetylcholine
31
acetylcholinesterase
is the enzyme that inactivated ace
32
myofibrils
each muscle cell contains this and it is made up of smaller myofilaments consisting of actin and myosin filaments
33
blood vessels during exercise
are dialated to promote greater blood flow into the muscle, thus increasing the supply of O2 and nutrients to provide energy for contraction
34
myoglobin
is stored in muscle fibres and can store limited amounts of O2
35
where is glycogen stored?
in muscle
36
aerobic respiration
produces ATP for muscle fibres as long as O2 is made available from the myoglobin
37
anaerobic respiration
occurs if the O2 supply does not meet the demand, using glucose as the primary energy source; produces lactic acid
38
respirations during exercise
are a result of anaerobic respiration in which an acidosis state is present, and respirations serve to compensate to reduce acidosis
39
lactic acid
is produced during anaerobic respiration and can cause local muscle pain and cramping
40
muscle cramp
is pain resulting from a strong muscle contraction or spasm, usually caused by local irritation from metabolic wastes
41
muscle spasms
reduce blood flow, thus leading to ischemic pain
42
tendons
attach muscles to bone and are usually the extension of the perimysium
43
origin
is at a joint and is the fixed bone
44
insertion
the bone that is moved by the muscle contraction
45
ligaments
attach bones
46
function of antagonistic muscles
prevent excessive movement and provide better control of movements
47
muscle growth
muscles cannot undergo mitosis but do undergo hypertrophy
48
aerobic or endurance exercise
increases the muscles capacity to work for longer without causing hypertrophy of the muscle; such exercise increases the capillaries and blood flow in a muscle, as well as mitochondria and myoglobin content
49
anaerobic or resistance exercise
focuses on increasing muscle strength by increasing muscle mass (hypertrophy)
50
anabolic steriods
synthetic hormones that are similar to testosterone and help to increase muscle strength and mass by increasing the anabolic effects/protein synthesis
51
side effects of anabolic steroids
liver damage, cardiovascular disease, personality changes, emotional lability, and sterility
52
atrophy
muscle cells size decreases when the muscle is not used; muscles become weak and flaccid
53
muscle twitch
results from increased irritability of the motor nerves supplying the muscle and can be caused by hypocalcemia
54
what is the function of joints accomplished by?
tendons and ligaments
55
3 types of joint movements
synarthroses, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis
56
synarthroses
immovable joints; ex. sutures in the skull
57
amphiarthrosis
slightly moveable joints, in which the bones are connected by fibro or hyaline cartilage; ex. joints in the ribs, sternum, and the pubic symphysis
58
diarthroses
aka synovial joints; freely movable joints
59
what is synovial fluid produced by?
the synovial membrane or synovium
60
what is the articular capsule composed of?
synovial membrane, the fibrous capsule, and sharpey fibres
61
the TMJ
is the only moveable joint in the skull and face; it has two synovial cavities and a central articular cartilage of dense collagen cavity
62
EMGs for muscle contraction
measure the electrical change associated with muscle contraction and are helpful in differentiating muscle disorders from neurologic disease
63
how is muscle dystrophy confirmed?
muscle biopsy
64
how are joints visualised?
by arthroscopy (which is the insertion of a lens directly into the joint) or by MRI
65
what is elevated in those with muscle diseases?
serum creatine kinase
66
function of creatine kinase
is an enzyme with an essential role in energy storage and may leak out of damaged cells into body fluids
67
functions of skin
provides the first line of defense, prevents excessive fluid loss, controls body temperature, has sensory perception, and synthesis and activation of vitamin D
68
two main layers of the skin
epidermis and the dermis (as well as accessory structures such as hair follicles)
69
five basic layers of the epidermis
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum
70
stratum basale
the base layer of the epidermis and new cells undergo mitosis here, then move upwards
71
stratum spinosum
spiny layer that is the second layer located above the basale; consists of irregularly shaped cells with intercellular connections called desmosomes; cells are rich in RNA and contribute to keratin synthesis
72
stratum granulosum
third layer above the spinosum layer and where keratin formation begins
73
keratin
is a protein found in skin, hair, and nails that prevents both loss of body fluid and entry of excessive water into the body
74
stratum lucidum
is a clear layer above the granulosum layer and is composed of degenerating keratinocytes that are flattened and willin with eleidin; only found in thicker skin
75
stratum corneum
aka horny and most superficial layer; it is composed of dead, flat cells that are being shed; cells are filled with keratin fibres formed from the eleiden, making them a waterproof barrier
76
keratinization
is the process of the cells forming in the stratum basale and moving upward and filling with keratin to eventually end up on the surface
77
melanocytes
specialized pigment-producing cells, in which the amount of melanin determines skin colour
78
albinism
is a recessive congenital disorder in which the body lacks production of melanin; the individual has white skin and hair and lacks pigment in the eyes
79
vitiligo
refers to small areas of hyperpigmentation that may gradually spread to involve larger areas
80
melasma
aka chloasma; is patches of darker skin, often on the face that may develop during pregnancy
81
dermis
thick layer of CT that contains elastic and collagen fibres
82
papillae
the junction of the dermis with the epidermis
83
accessory structures of the skin
hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat gland (eccrine or aporcine)
84
sebaceous glands
are associated with hair follicles or open up directly onto the skin; they produce an oily secretion called sebum that keeps the hair and skin soft
85
two types of sweat glands
eccrine (merocrine) and apocrine
86
eccrine glands
are located all over the body and secrete sweat through pores onto the skin
87
apocrine sweat glands
are located in the axillae, scalp, face, and genitalia
88
why does sweat smell?
bacteria action by normal flora cause odor to develop
89
what is beneath the dermis?
the subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis
90
structures in the hypodermis
CT, fat cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and nerves

Anatomy and Phyisology (94 decks)

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