psyb10 midterm 1

Question 1

the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another

Answer 1

social psychology

Question 2

the error of defining what is good in terms of what is observable: for example, what’s typical is normal; whats normal is good

Answer 2

naturalistic fallacy

Question 3

the study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables

Answer 3

correlational research

Question 4

the enduring behaviours, ideas, attitudes, traditions, products, and institutions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Answer 4

culture

Question 5

cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behaviour is expected

Answer 5

demand characteristics

Question 6

the variable being measured

Answer 6

dependent variable

its called that because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable

Question 7

degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants

Answer 7

experimental realism

Question 8

studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant)

Answer 8

experimental research

Question 9

research done in natural, real-life setting outside the laboratory

Answer 9

field research

Question 10

the tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen how something turned out, also known as the “I knew it all along phenomenon”

Answer 10

hindsight bias

Question 11

testable propositions that describe relationships that may exist between events

Answer 11

hypotheses

Question 12

Experimental factors that a researcher manipulates.

Answer 12

independent variables

Question 13

An ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.

Answer 13

informed consent

Question 14

Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations.

Answer 14

mundane realism

Question 15

A “study of studies” that statistically summarizes many studies on the same topic.

Answer 15

meta-analysis

Question 16

Where individuals are observed in natural settings, often without awareness, in order to provide the opportunity for objective analysis of behaviour.

Answer 16

observational research methods

Question 17

The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition.

Answer 17

random assignment

Question 18

Survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion.

Answer 18

random sample

Question 19

A study that runs the same experiment again, sometimes multiple times, to discover if the same results will still appear.

Answer 19

replication

Question 20

An integration of biological and social perspectives that explores the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviours.

Answer 20

social neuroscience

Question 21

Socially shared beliefs; widely held ideas and values, including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. Our social representations help us make sense of our world.

Answer 21

social representations

Question 22

calling something yours makes you like it more

Answer 22

Mere ownership effect

Question 23

explain optimism bias

Answer 23

People overestimate the likelihood of positive future events

People underestimate the likelihood of negative future events

Question 24

the belief that a person (often a loved one) has been replaced by an imposter

Answer 24

Capgras syndrome

Question 25

describe the two modes of self

Answer 25

1. "I" self - self as the subject 2. "me" self - self as an object

Question 26

involves flashing people with content so rapidly that they don’t register it but it still affects their thinking and behavior in some way that they don’t know

Answer 26

subliminal priming

Question 27

People base their self-esteem on different life domains

Answer 27

contingent self worth

Question 28

that your self-esteem depends on meeting certain conditions or standards — like achievements, appearance, approval from others, or success.

Answer 28

Contingent self-worth

Question 29

people believe that they are better than average on a variety of traits and abilities

Answer 29

better than average effect

Question 30

where you change the way you think about a situation in order to change how you feel about it.

Answer 30

Cognitive reappraisal

Question 31

a tendency to believe that a behaviour is due to a person’s internal disposition rather than the external situation

Answer 31

Fundamental attribution error (FAE)

Question 32

we can only view ourselves through others eyes

Answer 32

hell is other people phenomenon

Question 33

describes the idea that how we view ourselves is fundamentally tied to how we think other individuals view us?

Answer 33

hell is other people

Question 34

when exposure to one stimulus influences your response to a later stimulus, often without conscious awarness

Answer 34

priming effect ex. if you read the word "doctor", you're faster to recognize the word nurse

Question 35

tendency to overemphasize personality or internal traits to explain someone else's behavior- while underestimating situational factors

Answer 35

FAE- fundamental attribution error ex. if someone cuts you off in traffic, you think: "they're a jerk" instead of "oh maybe they're rushing to the hospital"

Question 36

is a cognitive bias where people cling to their initial beliefs even when those beliefs have been discredited or proven wrong.

Answer 36

belief perserverance

Question 37

defining how you will measure or observe a concept so that is can be studied empirically

Answer 37

operationalization

Question 38

cognitive bias where people rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive (the "anchor") when making decisions- even if that information is unrelated or abitrary

Answer 38

anchoring effect

Question 39

a mental shortcut where people judge how likely or frequent something is based on how easily examples come to mind - not on actual statistics or probability

Answer 39

the availability heurisitc

Question 40

the idea that our thoughts, emotions, and cognitive processes are deeply influenced by our body, including its physical actions, sensations, and interactions with the environment

Answer 40

embodied cognition

Question 41

the belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance than they really are

Answer 41

spotlight effect

Question 42

the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others

Answer 42

illusion of transparency

Question 43

who am I?

Answer 43

self -concept

Question 44

my sense of self-worth

Answer 44

self-esteem

Question 45

my roles as a student, family member, and friend; my group identify

Answer 45

social self

Question 46

how can I explain and predict myself?

Answer 46

self-knowledge

Question 47

how a person answers the question “who am I?”

Answer 47

Self-concept

Question 48

beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information

Answer 48

self-schemas

Question 49

evaluating your abilities and opinions by comparing yourself to others

Answer 49

social comparison

Question 50

what is more active when thinking about yourself

Answer 50

medial prefrontal cortex

Question 51

the concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Answer 51

individualism

Question 52

Construction one’s identify as an autonomous self

Answer 52

Independent self

Question 53

giving priority to the goals of one’s groups (often, one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly

Answer 53

collectivism

Question 54

construing one’s identity in relation to others

Answer 54

interdependent self

Question 55

the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task

Answer 55

planning fallacy

Question 56

overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events

Answer 56

impact bias

Question 57

Which argues that humans must find ways to manage their overwhelming fear of death

Answer 57

terror management theory

Question 58

a sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one’s sense of self worth.

Answer 58

self-efficacy

Question 59

overestimating the extend to which others agree with our opinions

Answer 59

false consensus effect

Question 60

comparisons between how the self is viewed now and how the self was viewed in the past or how the self is expected to be viewed in the future

Answer 60

temporal comparisons

Question 61

a form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to yourself and negative outcomes to other factors

Answer 61

self-serving attributions

Question 62

the tendency to perceive yourself favourably, We take credit for successes while blaming failures on the situation

Answer 62

self-serving bias

Question 63

a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

Answer 63

confirmation bias

Question 64

a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments

Answer 64

heuristics

Question 65

mental shortcuts

Answer 65

heuristics

Question 66

the tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member

Answer 66

representativeness heuristic

Question 67

imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened but didn't

Answer 67

counterfactual thinking

Question 68

a perception of a relationship where none exists, or a perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

Answer 68

illusory correlation

Question 69

the theory of how people explain the behavior of others

Answer 69

attribution theory

Question 70

attributing behaviour to the person's disposition and traits

Answer 70

dispositional attribution

Question 71

attributing behaviour to the environment

Answer 71

situational attribution

Question 72

an effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behaviour

Answer 72

spontaneous trait inference

Question 73

a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions

Answer 73

need to belong

Question 74

geographical nearness ________powerfully predicts liking

Answer 74

proximity

Question 75

attachment marked by anxiety or ambivalence (having mixed or conflicting feelings) An insecure attachment style

Answer 75

anxious attachment

Question 76

attachments are marked by discomfort over, or resistant to, being close to others An insecure attachment style

Answer 76

avoidant attachment

Question 77

the affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined

Answer 77

companionate love

Question 78

the popularly supposed tendency, in a relationship between two people, for each to complete what is missing in the other

Answer 78

complementarity

Question 79

When one person shares something personal, the other person feels inclined to share something equally personal in return

Answer 79

discolure reciprocity

Question 80

a condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it

Answer 80

equity

Question 81

the use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another’s favour

Answer 81

ingratiation

Question 82

the tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a “good match” in attractiveness and other traits

Answer 82

matching phenomenon

Question 83

The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them.

Answer 83

mere exposure effect

Question 84

A state of intense longing for union with another. ____________ are absorbed in one another; they feel ecstatic at attaining their partner’s love, and they are disconsolate on losing it.

Answer 84

passionate love

Question 85

The presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well: What is beautiful is good.

Answer 85

physical attractiveness stereotype

Question 86

The theory that we like those whose behaviour is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events.

Answer 86

reward theory of attraction

Question 87

attachment rooted in trust and marked by intimacy

Answer 87

secure attachment

Question 88

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Answer 88

self-disclosure