respiratory tract
a series of tubes through which air moves
nose
visible structure of the respiratory tract
has skin, hyaline cartilage, bone, and a mucosa
nares
commonly called nostrils
lead to the nasal cavity
nasal cavity
space inside the nose as well as the nasal cavity of the skull
divided into right an left parts by the nasal septum
nasal septum
has hyaline cartilage, bone, and a mucosa
divides the right and left halves of the nasal cavity
what is the nasal cavity lined with?
- the skin covering the nose extends through the nares and lines the first part of the nasal cavity
- olfactory mucosa (lines the roof of the nasal cavity)
- respiratory mucosa (lines the rest of the nasal cavity)
- respiratory mucosa consists of pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium( goblet cells are found here) and a layer of areolar connective tissue which is highly vascular
pharynx
tube
- extends from nasal cavity to larynx and esophagus
- divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
two layers of respiratory mucosa
- pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium (where goblet cells are found)
- areolar connective tissue (highly vascular)
what lining is the nasopharynx?
respiratory mucosa
- which consists for pseudo stratified ciliated epithelium (where goblet cells are found) and areolar connective tissue (highly vascular)
what is the mucosal lining of the oropharynx and laryngopharynx ? why?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- it needs better protection than the nasal cavity because food and hot drinks etc go through there
larynx
voice box composed of several cartilages
-houses vocal folds (involved in speech)
vocal folds are involved with what?
speech
what is the mucosal lining of the larynx?
- the beginning of larynx is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (same as the laryngopharynx)
- inferior to that is pseudostratified ciliated epithelium (has goblet cells)
trachea
composed of mucosa, submucosa, cartilage, and adventitia
what is the mucosal lining next to the lumen in the trachea?
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
submucosa is composed of
connective tissue
c shaped cartilages are composed of
hyaline cartilage connective tissue
what are the posterior ends of the c shaped cartilages connected by
smooth muscle tissue and connective tissue
what is the connective tissue of the adventitia
dense connective tissue
the digestive system is composed of what
the digestive tract and accessory organs
digestive tract
a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
oral cavity and what mucosa is it lined by
commonly called the mouth non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
palate
roof of the oral cavity and separates the nasal and oral cavities
esophagus
has four layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia
the mucosa has three layers what ate they in order from closest to the lumen
an epithelium- nonkeratinized stratified squamous
- lamina propria - areolar connective tissue (has many blood and lymph capillaries)
- muscularis mucosa - smooth muscle tissue
adventitia is made of
dense connective tissue
accessory organs in the head and neck region
teeth, tongue, salivary glands`
function of teeth
tear and grind food physically breaking it down into smaller fragments
function of the tongue
occupies the floor of the oral cavity
-mastication, deglutition (swallowing), and speech
muscles of the tongue
intrinsic muscles (change tongues shape ) extrinsic muscle (change its positions)
what are the salivary glands composed of?
glandular epithelial tissue
also have connective tissue and a blood and nerve supply
function of saliva
dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted and contains enzymes that begin the chemical breakdown of food
deglutination
the passage of food from the oral cavity to the stomach that involves the coordinated activity of over 20 muscles
thyroid gland produces what hormones
thyroid hormone and calcitonin
the thyroid gland is composed of
hollow spherical follicles
the walls of a follicle are composed of
epithelial cells called follicular cells
thyroid hormone is derived from what
the iodinated glycoprotein
cells found between the follicles of the thyroid gland are called what
epithelial cells called parafollicular cells
parafollicular cells produce a hormone called
calcitonin
-it is secreated in response to a rise in blood calcium levels but it has no know physiological role in humans
the common carotid artery branches into what
- the external carotid aretery (supply most structures of head except brain and orbits)
- internal carotid artery (supply the orbits and 80% of the cerebrum)
what do the vertebral arteries travel through and what do they supply
the transverse foramina of cervical vertebrae
-they supply the cervical vertebrae, cervical part of spinal cord, some neck muscles
what does the basilar artery supply?
cerebellum, pons, inner ear, and parts of the cerebrum
what does the optic chiasm unite?
the anterior and posterior blood supplies, providing other routes by which blood can reach areas of the brain if a carotid or vertebral artery is blocked
veins of the scalp and face drain into what
the paired external jugular veins
veins draining the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord and certain neck muscles empty into the …
paired vertebral veins
the veins draining the brain empty into what
the duralvenous sinuses which then empty into the paired internal jugular veins
the internal jugular veins leave the skull via the what?
jugular foramina
the internal carotid artery supplies what
the orbits and 80% of the cerebrum
the _______ pass through the jugular foramina
internal jugular veins
cric
ring or circle
parot
beside the ear
uv
a grape
thyro
shield-shaped
function: air passageway
description: projection from the face
nose
function: air passageway
description: paired, commonly called nostrils
nares
function: filters, moistens and usually warms air
description: space posterior to nares
nasal cavity
nasal septum
wall that divides the nasal cavity into right and left parts
function: prevents food and fluid from moving from the oral cavity into the nasal cavity
description: between the nasal and oral cavities
hard palate
function: prevents food and fluid from getting in the oral and nasal cavities and moves during deglutition preventing food and fluids from moving into nasopharynx
description: between nasal and oral cavities
soft palate
uvula
projection from the soft palate (the dangly ball in throat)
function: passageway for air, food, and fluids
description: tube extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus
pharynx
function: air passageway, muscle attachment, and phonation
description: tube extending between the pharynx and trachea (composed of 9 pieces of cartilage)
larynx
function: keeps airway open, muscle attachment
description: largest laryngeal cartilage, composed of hyaline cartilage CT, commonly called adams apple
thyroid cartilage
function: keeps airway open, muscle attachment
description: inferior laryngeal cartilage, composed of hyaline cartilage CT
cricoid cartilage
function: prevents food and fluids from entering the larynx
description: leaf-shaped laryngeal cartilage, composed of elastic cartilage CT
epiglottis
function: help to close the glottis
description: superior pair of soft tissue folds
vestibular folds
function: phonation
description: inferior pair of soft tissue folds
vocal folds
function: air passageway
description: opening (space) between the vocal folds
glottis
function: air passageway
description: a tube extending inferiorly from larynx
trachea
function: passageway for food and fluids; alternate passageway for air
description: commonly called the mouth, bounded by the lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue
oral cavity
function: obtain food and retain it in the oral cavity
description: they have a core of skeletal muscle tissue that is covered by skin externally and a mucosa interanally
lips
function: retain food in oral cavity
description: two walls composed of skeletal muscle tissue and fat and covered by skin externally and a mucosa internally
cheeks
function: involved in taste, deglutition, speech, and mastication
description: found in the oral cavity and pharynx; composed of skeletal muscle tissue covered by mucosa
tongue
function: tear and grind food into smaller pieces
description: hard structures embedded in the maxillae and the mandible
teeth
function: passageway for food and fluids
description: a tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach
esophagus
function: secrete saliva
description: located anterior to the external ear
parotid glands
function: secretes thyroid hormones and calcitonin
description: butterfly -shaped is inferior to the larynx
thyroid gland
function: passageway for saliva
description: tubes extending from a parotid gland to the oral cavity
parotid duct
function: secrete saliva
description: located inferior to the mandible
submandibular gland
function: supply the head and neck
description: located in the inferior part of the neck
common carotid artery
function: supply most areas of the head except the brain and orbits
description: branches of the common carotid usually medially
external carotid artery
function: supply 80% of the cerebrum and the orbits
description: branches of the common carotid: usually lateral
internal carotid artery
function: supply the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, neck muscles, hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon, inner ear, and cerebrum
description: visible inside the skull in the foramen magnum
vertebral artery
function: drain the scalp and face
description: superficial to the sternocleidomastoid
external jugular vein
function: drain the brain, neck, scalp, and face
description: lateral to the carotid artery
internal jugular vein
function: sensory input about gustation; motor output involved in swallowing
description: cranial nerve X; posterior to the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein
vagus nerve
function: innervates the diaphragm
description: posterior to the internal jugular vein
phrenic nerve
