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Human Body Lab > chapter 19: cardiovascular physiology > Flashcards

chapter 19: cardiovascular physiology Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac cycle

A

one heartbeat

-includes atrial contraction, ventricular contraction, a short pause during which the entire heart is relaxed

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2
Q

systole

A

contraction of atria or ventricles

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3
Q

diastole

A

the time when the atria or ventricles are relaxed

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4
Q

what are the mechanical events of the heart?

A

systole and diastole

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5
Q

mechanical events of the heart are preceded and caused by _____.

A

electrical events

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6
Q

true or false: the hearts electrical events are NOT brought about by nerve impulses.

A

true

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7
Q

1 % of cardiac muscle cells are ______, while the remaining 99% are _____.

A

autorhythmic cell while the remaining 99% are contractile cells

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8
Q

autorhythmic cells

A
  • do not contract
  • initiate and conduct action potentials that spread throught the heart causing depolarization and repolarization of contractile cells
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9
Q

depolarization leads to the contraction of ______ cells.

A

contractile cells

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10
Q

repolarization leads to the ______ or contractile cells.

A

relaxation

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11
Q

atrial relaxation is a _____ event.

A

mechanical event

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12
Q

ventricular depolarization is an ______ event.

A

electrical event

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13
Q

true or false: the heartbeat requires input from nerves

A

FALSE

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14
Q

_____ cells initiate and conduct action potentials that cause the electrical events of the heart.

A

autorhythmic cells

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15
Q

what three criteria must be met for the heart to efficiently pump blood through the vessels of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. excitation must be coordinated, so that the cells of each heart chamber contract as a unit
  2. coordination between the paired atria and the paired ventricles so that both members of a pair contract at the same time
  3. atrial excitation and resulting contraction must be completed before the onset of ventricular contraction
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16
Q

explain the disadvantage in regards to blood flow if the cells of a ventricle do not contract as a unit

A

blood would not be pumped from a ventricle

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17
Q

electrocardiogram ECG or EKG

A

recording of the electrical events of the heart

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18
Q

the blips of the ECG in order

A

p q r s t

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19
Q

p wave

A

caused by the spread of depolarization

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20
Q

QRS complex

A

caused by the spread of depolarization through the ventricles

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21
Q

t wave

A

caused by the spread of repolarization through ventricles

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22
Q

atrial repolarization does not show on a normal ECG because:

A

it occurs at the same time as ventricular depolarization

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23
Q

true or false: electrical events cause mechanical events

A

true

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24
Q

why are the durations of mechanical and electrical events NOT the same?

A

because muscle fibers continue to contract until the cells are repolarized

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25
Q

electrical and mechanical event of the p wave

A

electrical event: atrial depolarization
causes
mechanical event: atrial systole (contraction)

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26
Q

electrical and mechanical event of the QRS complex

A

electrical: ventricular depolarization
causes
mechanical: ventricular systole

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27
Q

electrical and mechanical event of the t wave

A

electrical : ventricular repolarization
causes
mechanical: ventricular diastole (relaxation)

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28
Q

heart block

A
  • change in the hearts electrical events

- ventricles often miss a beat

29
Q

PQ interval

A

time from the beginning of the p wave to the beginning of th QRS complex
-beginning of atrial depolarization to the beginning of ventricular depolarization

30
Q

an increased pq interval indicates :

A

a delay in action potential traveling through the conduction system of the ventricles

31
Q

QRS interval

A

measure of how long it takes the ventricles to depolarize

  • usually less than .10 sec.
  • an enlarged ventricle can cause an increase QRS interval
32
Q

QT interval

A

contraction of the ventricle last almost from the beginning of the Q wave to the end of the T wave.

  • .35 sec
  • an enlarged ventricle can result in an increased QT interval
33
Q

an increased QT interval is a change in the _______.

A

duration of the hearts electrical events

34
Q

heart block is a change in the :

A

sequence of the hearts electrical events

because ventricles often miss a beat

35
Q

lead

A

each combination of two electrodes

only two electrodes are working at one time

36
Q

lead 1

A

records the difference in electrical potential between the electrodes on the right and left arms

37
Q

lead 2

A

records the difference in electrical potential between the electrodes on the right arm and left leg

38
Q

lead 3

A

records the difference in electrical potential between the electrodes on the left are and left leg

39
Q

the electrode on the right leg is the ______

A

ground electrode

40
Q

mean electrical axis QRS axis

A

the electrical line from the apex to the base

41
Q

any change in the mean electrical axis indicates a change in the ;

A

direction of electrical events of the heart

42
Q

the electrode on the right arm is always _____

A

negative

43
Q

the electrode on the left leg is always _____

A

positive

44
Q

one factor that influences the amplitude of an event is the _______ of an event

A

direction

45
Q

a recorded electrical event is largest in the lead that _______ the direction of that event

A

most closely parallels

46
Q

the mean electrical axis is almost parallel to lead ___?

A

lead 2

47
Q

any change in the mean electrical axis indicates a change in the ______ of electrical events in the heart.

A

direction of electrical events in the heart

48
Q

three examples of how mean electrical axis can change?

A
  • pregnancy
  • if one ventricle is enlarged relative to the other
  • if areas of the heart muscle are damaged due to a heart attack
49
Q

during ventricular relaxation pressure increases or decreases?

A

decreases

50
Q

sound one occurs when

A

closure of the atrioventricular valves

51
Q

sound two occurs when

A

closure of the semilunar valves

52
Q

an abnormal heart sound is called a _____

A

heart murmur

53
Q

auscultation means

A

listening to body sounds

54
Q

systemic arteriol blood pressure

A
  • most commonly measured

- provides most valuable info about condition of cardiovascular system and overall health

55
Q

the pressure in your arteries is pulsatile. what does pulsatile mean?

A

it rises and falls with each contraction and relaxation of the ventricles

56
Q

systolic pressure

A

highest arterial pressure attained during one cardiac cycle

57
Q

diastolic pressure

A

lowest arterial pressure attained during one cardiac cycle

58
Q

mean arteriol pressure

A

average pressure experience by arteries
-homeostatically regulated by your body
(1/3 x pulse pressure) + diastolic pressure

59
Q

pulse pressure=

A

systole - diastole

60
Q

pulse rate

A

of heart beats in one minute

61
Q

kortoff sounds do not occur when :

A

blood does not flow through the artery or when the blood flow is smooth
-does not occur when there is no turbulece

62
Q

kortoff sound would be heard when blood ___.

A

spurts through the artery

63
Q

cardiac output =

A

heart rate X stroke volume

64
Q

resting pulse is taken. upon standing cardiac output basically remains constant, but stroke volume ______ due to the pull of gravity and heart rate _______ to keep cardiac output the same.

A

decreases due to the pull of gravity and increases to keep cardiac output the same

65
Q

define heart murmur

A

and abnormal heart sound

66
Q

different electrical views of the heart can be obtained using the three standard _____

A

limb leads

67
Q

give two durations or intervals that are prolonged due to an enlarged heart

A

QT interval, QRS

68
Q

_______ precedes and causes the ventricles to contract

A

depolarization precedes and causes the ventricles to contract

Human Body Lab (55 decks)

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