Chapter 24: urinary system and reproductive physiology

Question 1

true or false: the reproductive system performs homeostatic functions

Answer 1

false

Question 2

the urinary system plays a role in homeostasis by regulating ECF variables. How does it do this?

Answer 2

by controlling the amounts of water, organic molecules, electrolytes, and acids and bases that are excreted in urine
-it also removes waste products from the blood then eliminates them from the body

Question 3

what hormones do the kidneys secrete?

Answer 3

erythropoietin and renin

Question 4

what do erythropoietin and renin do?

Answer 4

that regulates red blood cell production and blood pressure

Question 5

what hormones effect kidney function?

Answer 5

aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic hormone

Question 6

what is the effects of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone and atrial natriuretic hormone have on the kidneys?

Answer 6

changes the rates at which water, sodium ions, and potassium ions are excreted

Question 7

a change in an ECF variable is a physiological stress. you will stess your body by changing one or more of the following–

Answer 7

ECF volume, ECF osmolarity, and ECF pH

• your body responds and returns the changed ECF variable to normal by changing the rate of urine formation, the concentration of water in urine, and/or urine pH

Question 8

how does your body respond to the stress of changes to the ECF?

Answer 8

your body returns the changed ECF variables to normal by

• changing the rate of urine formation
• changing the concentration of water in urine
• changing urine pH

Question 9

does the reproductive system have a homeostatic role?

Answer 9

no

Question 10

what is the function of the reproductive system?

Answer 10

to produce new individuals

Question 11

how is reproduction controlled?

Answer 11

reproduction is controlled hormonally

Question 12

where is GnRH from?

Answer 12

the hypothalmus

Question 13

where are LH and FSH from?

Answer 13

the anterior pituitary

Question 14

what produces sex hormones?

Answer 14

the gonads produce sex hormones which effect organs of the reproductive system

Question 15

what hormone is important in pregnancy?

Answer 15

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Question 16

implantation

Answer 16

burrowing of the embryo into the uterine wall

Question 17

approximately ____ week after fertilization, a developing embryo begins implantation.

Answer 17

one

Question 18

after implantation, the _____ is developed rapidly.

Answer 18

placenta

Question 19

where is the placenta derived from?

Answer 19

both fetal and maternal tissues

Question 20

the placenta is the site where :

Answer 20

the exchange of substances between maternal and fetal blood occurs

Question 21

in response to hCG does the corpus luteum degenerate or continue to grow?

Answer 21

continues to grow and secretes increasing quantities of estrogens and progesterone

Question 22

estrogen and progesterone prevent what?

Answer 22

prevent the uterine wall from being shed (unlike the normal uterine cycle

Question 23

peak secretion of hCG occurs about _____ days after the end of the last menstrual period

Answer 23

60 days

Question 24

by the ____ week of pregnancy hCG output declines to a low rate of secretion that is maintained for the duration of gestation.

Answer 24

10th

Question 25

when does the fall in hCG occur?

Answer 25

at a time when hormones produced by the corpus luteum are no longer needed because the placenta has begun to secrete substantial quantities of estrogens and progesterone

Question 26

hCG is secreted into what

Answer 26

secreted into the blood

Question 27

why does hCG in blood or urine indicate pregnancy?

Answer 27

- hCG is secreted in blood - blood flows through the kidneys hCG is filtered - not all of the hCG filtered is reabsorbed - the nonabsorbed hCG is present in urine and blood

Question 28

pregnancy tests are _____.

Answer 28

immunological

Question 29

pregnancy tests rely on ______.

Answer 29

antigen-antibody reaction to directly detect the presence of hCG in blood or urine

Question 30

if hCG is present in urine, this is a _____ test.

Answer 30

positive

Question 31

what result indicated that hCG was present in a urine sample?

Answer 31

the pregnant tube was cloudier or opaque

Question 32

what is the antigen?

Answer 32

chorionic gonadotropin

Question 33

what is the antibody

Answer 33

anti-hCG

Question 34

what is the result of this antigen antibody reaction?

Answer 34

visible clumping or color change

Question 35

clinical tests are very sensitive highly accurate and are usually run on ________ rather than urine.

Answer 35

blood serum

Question 36

human chorionic gonadotropin is usualy detectable in a woman's blood ____ week after fertilization and detectable in urine sometime during the ____ week of pregnancy.

Answer 36

detectable in blood 1 week after fertilization | detectable in urine 2 weeks after fertilization

Question 37

true or false: the reproductive system performs homeostatic functions

Answer 37

false

Question 38

what hormones directly stimulate development of the uterine wall and prevent it from being shed

Answer 38

estrogen and progesterone?

Question 39

true or false: urines specific gravity cannot be less than 1

Answer 39

true

Question 40

normal value of urine rate of formation is ...

Answer 40

1 ml/min

Question 41

normal value of urine pH is...

Answer 41

6

Question 42

normal value of urine specific gravity is ...

Answer 42

1.020

Question 43

what is specific gravity?

Answer 43

``` its density (mass per unit volume) relative to dH2O in this case it indicates urine concentration ```

Question 44

a concentrated urine has a higher or lower specific gravity than a dilute urine?

Answer 44

higher specific gravity