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Human Body Lab > Chapter 2 lab > Flashcards

Chapter 2 lab Flashcards

1
Q

ATP production

A

also called cellular respiration or tissue oxidation
- a series of chemical reactions in which the bond of nutrient molecules (like glucose) are broken, releasing the energy in these bonds

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2
Q

what does a cell use the energy ATP for

A

muscle contraction, nerve impulse production, and synthesis of molecules

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3
Q

oxidation reduction reaction

A

reaction in which certain molecules lose electrons while others gain electrons

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4
Q

oxidation

A

lose electrons

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5
Q

reduction

A

gain electrons

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6
Q

what is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration

A

oxygen

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7
Q

enzyme

A

catalyst

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8
Q

ciliary action

A
  • specialized cell function
  • bend back and forth by binding and unbinding using ATP
  • used to move objects
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9
Q

How can the back and forth bending of cilia achieve unidirectional movement?

A

in the forward stroke, cilia are stiff and move rapidly, causing mucus to move forward. In the backward stroke cilia are limp and move slowly, causing little or no movement of mucus.

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10
Q

a molecule that donate electrons is

A

oxidized

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11
Q

would ciliated cells be able to move their cilia without oxygen?

A

no, it requires ATP and very little ATP is expended without oxygen

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12
Q

plasma membrane

A

the outter boundary of a cell, separates ICF from ECF

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13
Q

plasma membranes are composed primarily of what

A

phospholipid and protein molecules, carbohydrates and cholesterol

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14
Q

head end of phosopholipid is soluble in what

A

water (hydrophilic=waterloving)

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15
Q

tail end of a phospholipid is soluble in what

A

lipids (hydrophobic=water fearing)

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16
Q

most integral membrane proteins are transmembrane meaning that they…

A

go all the way through both sides of membrane

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17
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attached to integral proteins, act as enxymes and link cells together

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18
Q

function of membrane carbohydrates (glycolipids and glycoproteins)

A

immune reactions, linking cells and acting as receptors

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19
Q

what does cholesterol help with in a plasma membrane

A

helps stabilize

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20
Q

how do non polar substances get through the plasma membrane?

A

they are lipid soluble so their particles can enter and exit cells by dissolving in the lipid bilayer

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21
Q

what substances can enter the cell using transmembrane proteins?

A

smaller polar substances like water soluble particles like ions or glucose

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22
Q

how do larger particles like hormones and multimolecular substances (cellular debris and bacteria) get through?

A

membrane vesicles

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23
Q

channel proteins

A

smaller polar particles like ions use these

  • tubular pathway that extends from the ECF to the ICF
  • selective properties like diameter and electrical charge
  • example , positively charged particle can only go through negatively charged channel
  • some are gated
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24
Q

aquaporins

A

a type of channel protein

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25
Q

how can polar water molecules pass through the lipid bilayer?

A

as phospholipid molecules move around in the bilayer, small gaps appear between their tails. water molecules may cross via these gaps

26
Q

carrier proteins

A

has a binding site
-binding sites are specific shape
once a particle attaches to the binding site the protein goes under conformational change that moses the particle to the tother side and then detaches from the carrier

27
Q

competitive inhibition

A

a decrease in the rate at which a substances particles are transported due to the presence of another substance
-similar shapes that fit into the binding site

28
Q

vesiclular transport

A

lets large polar molecules and multimolecular material enter or exit the cell
-endocytosis and exocytosis

29
Q

endocytosis

A

a plasma membrane surrounds some matter outside a cell and brings it into the cell

30
Q

exocytosis

A

a membrane bound vesicle within a cell fuses with the plasma membrane and then opens releasing its stuff outside ex: mucus and hormones

31
Q

true or false and if false why:

all polar substances can permeate plasma membranes by using some type of membrane protein.

A

false: small polar substances use membrane proteins, but larger polar substances use membrane vesicles

32
Q

how do nonpolar molecules get through the bilayer?

A

by dissolving into the lipid bilayer

33
Q

how do water molecules get through the bilayer?

A

by using aquaporins or moving through the lipid bilayer gaps

34
Q

how do small polar particles get through the bilayer?

A

using channel proteins or carrier proteins

35
Q

how do large polar particles get through the bilayer?

A

by using vesicles

36
Q

in a passive process what is the force used?

A

kinetic energy

37
Q

in an active process what is the force used?

A

ATP

38
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of particles with their concentration gradient

39
Q

types of diffusion

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion

40
Q

simple diffusion

A

nonpolar particles dissolve through the lipid bilayer

41
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

when small polar particles diffuse via membrane proteins

42
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water using aquaporin or directly through the membrane

43
Q

filtration

A

the movement of particles across a membrane due to pressure

44
Q

active transport occurs via what?

A

via carrier proteins

45
Q

carrier proteins must expend what to move a particle?

A

ATP because it uses active transport

46
Q

particles are moved _____ their concentration gradient in active transport.

A

against

47
Q

active transport mechanisms are called what?

A

pumps

48
Q

true or false: plasma membranes are permeable to nonpolar substances and impermeable to polar substances

A

true

49
Q

what part of the phospholipid molecules make the lipid bilayer impermeable to water soluble substances?

A

tails

50
Q

which processes does net movement end when the particles are in dynamic equilibrium?

A

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

51
Q

water tends to move to an area of ______ osmolarity

A

greater

52
Q

tonicity

A

the effect a solution has on cell volume (isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic)

53
Q

isotonic solution

A

no osmosis occurs and cell volume does not change

54
Q

hypotonic solution

A

osmosis into cells occurs and the gain of water causes swelling

55
Q

hypertonic solution

A

the loss of water causes cells to shrink

56
Q

why do you use ringers solution

A

it keeps the cells normal meaning they cannot gain or lose water

57
Q

why do you use the ringers solution in the frogs mouth?

A

keeps the cells linin the roof of the mouth from drying out

58
Q

if the test tube turned transparent the RBS are what

A

hemolyzed or exploded

59
Q

if a test tube is opaque the RBCs are

A

swollen, normal or crenated (shrunk)

60
Q

DNP is a metabolic inhibitor, what does that mean?

A

it stops cells from producing ATP

61
Q

normal body temp for humans is…

A

37 degrees C

62
Q

give some symptoms that might be exhibited when a person’s neuron volume decreases.

A

inhibited muscle movement, convolsions, loss of memory, coma; anything that causes neurons not to work

Human Body Lab (55 decks)

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