ATP production
also called cellular respiration or tissue oxidation
- a series of chemical reactions in which the bond of nutrient molecules (like glucose) are broken, releasing the energy in these bonds
what does a cell use the energy ATP for
muscle contraction, nerve impulse production, and synthesis of molecules
oxidation reduction reaction
reaction in which certain molecules lose electrons while others gain electrons
oxidation
lose electrons
reduction
gain electrons
what is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration
oxygen
enzyme
catalyst
ciliary action
- specialized cell function
- bend back and forth by binding and unbinding using ATP
- used to move objects
How can the back and forth bending of cilia achieve unidirectional movement?
in the forward stroke, cilia are stiff and move rapidly, causing mucus to move forward. In the backward stroke cilia are limp and move slowly, causing little or no movement of mucus.
a molecule that donate electrons is
oxidized
would ciliated cells be able to move their cilia without oxygen?
no, it requires ATP and very little ATP is expended without oxygen
plasma membrane
the outter boundary of a cell, separates ICF from ECF
plasma membranes are composed primarily of what
phospholipid and protein molecules, carbohydrates and cholesterol
head end of phosopholipid is soluble in what
water (hydrophilic=waterloving)
tail end of a phospholipid is soluble in what
lipids (hydrophobic=water fearing)
most integral membrane proteins are transmembrane meaning that they…
go all the way through both sides of membrane
peripheral proteins
attached to integral proteins, act as enxymes and link cells together
function of membrane carbohydrates (glycolipids and glycoproteins)
immune reactions, linking cells and acting as receptors
what does cholesterol help with in a plasma membrane
helps stabilize
how do non polar substances get through the plasma membrane?
they are lipid soluble so their particles can enter and exit cells by dissolving in the lipid bilayer
what substances can enter the cell using transmembrane proteins?
smaller polar substances like water soluble particles like ions or glucose
how do larger particles like hormones and multimolecular substances (cellular debris and bacteria) get through?
membrane vesicles
channel proteins
smaller polar particles like ions use these
- tubular pathway that extends from the ECF to the ICF
- selective properties like diameter and electrical charge
- example , positively charged particle can only go through negatively charged channel
- some are gated
aquaporins
a type of channel protein
how can polar water molecules pass through the lipid bilayer?
as phospholipid molecules move around in the bilayer, small gaps appear between their tails. water molecules may cross via these gaps
carrier proteins
has a binding site
-binding sites are specific shape
once a particle attaches to the binding site the protein goes under conformational change that moses the particle to the tother side and then detaches from the carrier
competitive inhibition
a decrease in the rate at which a substances particles are transported due to the presence of another substance
-similar shapes that fit into the binding site
vesiclular transport
lets large polar molecules and multimolecular material enter or exit the cell
-endocytosis and exocytosis
endocytosis
a plasma membrane surrounds some matter outside a cell and brings it into the cell
exocytosis
a membrane bound vesicle within a cell fuses with the plasma membrane and then opens releasing its stuff outside ex: mucus and hormones
true or false and if false why:
all polar substances can permeate plasma membranes by using some type of membrane protein.
false: small polar substances use membrane proteins, but larger polar substances use membrane vesicles
how do nonpolar molecules get through the bilayer?
by dissolving into the lipid bilayer
how do water molecules get through the bilayer?
by using aquaporins or moving through the lipid bilayer gaps
how do small polar particles get through the bilayer?
using channel proteins or carrier proteins
how do large polar particles get through the bilayer?
by using vesicles
in a passive process what is the force used?
kinetic energy
in an active process what is the force used?
ATP
diffusion
net movement of particles with their concentration gradient
types of diffusion
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion
simple diffusion
nonpolar particles dissolve through the lipid bilayer
facilitated diffusion
when small polar particles diffuse via membrane proteins
osmosis
diffusion of water using aquaporin or directly through the membrane
filtration
the movement of particles across a membrane due to pressure
active transport occurs via what?
via carrier proteins
carrier proteins must expend what to move a particle?
ATP because it uses active transport
particles are moved _____ their concentration gradient in active transport.
against
active transport mechanisms are called what?
pumps
true or false: plasma membranes are permeable to nonpolar substances and impermeable to polar substances
true
what part of the phospholipid molecules make the lipid bilayer impermeable to water soluble substances?
tails
which processes does net movement end when the particles are in dynamic equilibrium?
simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion
water tends to move to an area of ______ osmolarity
greater
tonicity
the effect a solution has on cell volume (isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic)
isotonic solution
no osmosis occurs and cell volume does not change
hypotonic solution
osmosis into cells occurs and the gain of water causes swelling
hypertonic solution
the loss of water causes cells to shrink
why do you use ringers solution
it keeps the cells normal meaning they cannot gain or lose water
why do you use the ringers solution in the frogs mouth?
keeps the cells linin the roof of the mouth from drying out
if the test tube turned transparent the RBS are what
hemolyzed or exploded
if a test tube is opaque the RBCs are
swollen, normal or crenated (shrunk)
DNP is a metabolic inhibitor, what does that mean?
it stops cells from producing ATP
normal body temp for humans is…
37 degrees C
give some symptoms that might be exhibited when a person’s neuron volume decreases.
inhibited muscle movement, convolsions, loss of memory, coma; anything that causes neurons not to work
