Chapter 2 lab

Question 1

ATP production

Answer 1

also called cellular respiration or tissue oxidation
- a series of chemical reactions in which the bond of nutrient molecules (like glucose) are broken, releasing the energy in these bonds

Question 2

what does a cell use the energy ATP for

Answer 2

muscle contraction, nerve impulse production, and synthesis of molecules

Question 3

oxidation reduction reaction

Answer 3

reaction in which certain molecules lose electrons while others gain electrons

Question 4

oxidation

Answer 4

lose electrons

Question 5

reduction

Answer 5

gain electrons

Question 6

what is the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration

Answer 6

oxygen

Question 7

enzyme

Answer 7

catalyst

Question 8

ciliary action

Answer 8

• specialized cell function
• bend back and forth by binding and unbinding using ATP
• used to move objects

Question 9

How can the back and forth bending of cilia achieve unidirectional movement?

Answer 9

in the forward stroke, cilia are stiff and move rapidly, causing mucus to move forward. In the backward stroke cilia are limp and move slowly, causing little or no movement of mucus.

Question 10

a molecule that donate electrons is

Answer 10

oxidized

Question 11

would ciliated cells be able to move their cilia without oxygen?

Answer 11

no, it requires ATP and very little ATP is expended without oxygen

Question 12

plasma membrane

Answer 12

the outter boundary of a cell, separates ICF from ECF

Question 13

plasma membranes are composed primarily of what

Answer 13

phospholipid and protein molecules, carbohydrates and cholesterol

Question 14

head end of phosopholipid is soluble in what

Answer 14

water (hydrophilic=waterloving)

Question 15

tail end of a phospholipid is soluble in what

Answer 15

lipids (hydrophobic=water fearing)

Question 16

most integral membrane proteins are transmembrane meaning that they…

Answer 16

go all the way through both sides of membrane

Question 17

peripheral proteins

Answer 17

attached to integral proteins, act as enxymes and link cells together

Question 18

function of membrane carbohydrates (glycolipids and glycoproteins)

Answer 18

immune reactions, linking cells and acting as receptors

Question 19

what does cholesterol help with in a plasma membrane

Answer 19

helps stabilize

Question 20

how do non polar substances get through the plasma membrane?

Answer 20

they are lipid soluble so their particles can enter and exit cells by dissolving in the lipid bilayer

Question 21

what substances can enter the cell using transmembrane proteins?

Answer 21

smaller polar substances like water soluble particles like ions or glucose

Question 22

how do larger particles like hormones and multimolecular substances (cellular debris and bacteria) get through?

Answer 22

membrane vesicles

Question 23

channel proteins

Answer 23

smaller polar particles like ions use these

• tubular pathway that extends from the ECF to the ICF
• selective properties like diameter and electrical charge
• example , positively charged particle can only go through negatively charged channel
• some are gated

Question 24

aquaporins

Answer 24

a type of channel protein

Question 25

how can polar water molecules pass through the lipid bilayer?

Answer 25

as phospholipid molecules move around in the bilayer, small gaps appear between their tails. water molecules may cross via these gaps

Question 26

carrier proteins

Answer 26

has a binding site -binding sites are specific shape once a particle attaches to the binding site the protein goes under conformational change that moses the particle to the tother side and then detaches from the carrier

Question 27

competitive inhibition

Answer 27

a decrease in the rate at which a substances particles are transported due to the presence of another substance -similar shapes that fit into the binding site

Question 28

vesiclular transport

Answer 28

lets large polar molecules and multimolecular material enter or exit the cell -endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 29

endocytosis

Answer 29

a plasma membrane surrounds some matter outside a cell and brings it into the cell

Question 30

exocytosis

Answer 30

a membrane bound vesicle within a cell fuses with the plasma membrane and then opens releasing its stuff outside ex: mucus and hormones

Question 31

true or false and if false why: | all polar substances can permeate plasma membranes by using some type of membrane protein.

Answer 31

false: small polar substances use membrane proteins, but larger polar substances use membrane vesicles

Question 32

how do nonpolar molecules get through the bilayer?

Answer 32

by dissolving into the lipid bilayer

Question 33

how do water molecules get through the bilayer?

Answer 33

by using aquaporins or moving through the lipid bilayer gaps

Question 34

how do small polar particles get through the bilayer?

Answer 34

using channel proteins or carrier proteins

Question 35

how do large polar particles get through the bilayer?

Answer 35

by using vesicles

Question 36

in a passive process what is the force used?

Answer 36

kinetic energy

Question 37

in an active process what is the force used?

Answer 37

ATP

Question 38

diffusion

Answer 38

net movement of particles with their concentration gradient

Question 39

types of diffusion

Answer 39

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion

Question 40

simple diffusion

Answer 40

nonpolar particles dissolve through the lipid bilayer

Question 41

facilitated diffusion

Answer 41

when small polar particles diffuse via membrane proteins

Question 42

osmosis

Answer 42

diffusion of water using aquaporin or directly through the membrane

Question 43

filtration

Answer 43

the movement of particles across a membrane due to pressure

Question 44

active transport occurs via what?

Answer 44

via carrier proteins

Question 45

carrier proteins must expend what to move a particle?

Answer 45

ATP because it uses active transport

Question 46

particles are moved _____ their concentration gradient in active transport.

Answer 46

against

Question 47

active transport mechanisms are called what?

Answer 47

pumps

Question 48

true or false: plasma membranes are permeable to nonpolar substances and impermeable to polar substances

Answer 48

true

Question 49

what part of the phospholipid molecules make the lipid bilayer impermeable to water soluble substances?

Answer 49

tails

Question 50

which processes does net movement end when the particles are in dynamic equilibrium?

Answer 50

simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Question 51

water tends to move to an area of ______ osmolarity

Answer 51

greater

Question 52

tonicity

Answer 52

the effect a solution has on cell volume (isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic)

Question 53

isotonic solution

Answer 53

no osmosis occurs and cell volume does not change

Question 54

hypotonic solution

Answer 54

osmosis into cells occurs and the gain of water causes swelling

Question 55

hypertonic solution

Answer 55

the loss of water causes cells to shrink

Question 56

why do you use ringers solution

Answer 56

it keeps the cells normal meaning they cannot gain or lose water

Question 57

why do you use the ringers solution in the frogs mouth?

Answer 57

keeps the cells linin the roof of the mouth from drying out

Question 58

if the test tube turned transparent the RBS are what

Answer 58

hemolyzed or exploded

Question 59

if a test tube is opaque the RBCs are

Answer 59

swollen, normal or crenated (shrunk)

Question 60

DNP is a metabolic inhibitor, what does that mean?

Answer 60

it stops cells from producing ATP

Question 61

normal body temp for humans is...

Answer 61

37 degrees C

Question 62

give some symptoms that might be exhibited when a person's neuron volume decreases.

Answer 62

inhibited muscle movement, convolsions, loss of memory, coma; anything that causes neurons not to work