Chapter 15: Thoracic Cavity

Question 1

what does the heart do

Answer 1

a pump that provides the force needed to move blood

Question 2

vessels

Answer 2

the routes along which blood moves from one area of the body to another

Question 3

capillaries

Answer 3

provide the surfaces across which exchange between plasma and Interstitial fluid occurs

Question 4

heart is made of

Answer 4

cardiac muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue and it has nerves and vessels (blood and lymphatic)

Question 5

muscle tissue has

Answer 5

striated cells and many of the cells branch

Question 6

the heart is lined by a membrane composed of …

Answer 6

endothelium and connective tissue

Question 7

the outside layer of the heart is the …

Answer 7

visceral pericardium

Question 8

fibrous pericardium

Answer 8

sac like structure that surrounds the heart

-composed of dense connective tissue

Question 9

serous pericardium

Answer 9

• two parts

- parietal and visceral

Question 10

parietal pericardium

Answer 10

-lines the inside of the fibrous pericardium

Question 11

visceral pericardium

Answer 11

covers the heart itself (on the viscera)

Question 12

pericardial fluid

Answer 12

fills the pericardial cavity

- reduces friction

Question 13

blood travels away from the chambers in ___.

Answer 13

arteries

Question 14

blood traveled toward the chambers via ___

Answer 14

veins

Question 15

the arteries of the pulmonary circuit take blood to the

Answer 15

lungs

Question 16

blood is pumped by the left ventricle into the _____ circuit.

Answer 16

systemic circuit

Question 17

the arteries of the systemic circuit take blood to _____

Answer 17

all parts of the body

Question 18

as blood flows through pulmonary capillaries it picks up ____ and loses ____.

Answer 18

oxygen ; carbon dioxide

Question 19

as blood flows through the systemic capillaries, substances are exchanged between it and the IF. what are the substances?

Answer 19

oxygen , carbon dioxide, nutrients, cellular waste products

Question 20

the largest veins of the systemic circuit empty blood into the ______.

Answer 20

right atrium

Question 21

the pericardial cavity is located between the

Answer 21

visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

Question 22

fetal blood flows to and from the placenta via ___.

Answer 22

umbilical vessels

Question 23

the placenta has both _____ and _____ blood vessels

Answer 23

fetal and maternal blood vessels

Question 24

foramen ovale

Answer 24

an opening in the interatrial septum

Question 25

ductus arteriosus

Answer 25

a vessel connecting the pulmonary trunk and aortic arch

Question 26

what do the foramen ovale and ductus arteriousus do?

Answer 26

the allow most blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation

Question 27

ductus venosus

Answer 27

allows some blood to bypass the hepatic (liver) vessels

Question 28

specialized cardiac muscle cells in the atria secrete a hormone called ____. what is ists function

Answer 28

atrial natriuretic peptide | -vasodilation

Question 29

aveolar and capillary walls are the surfaces across which _____ occurs.

Answer 29

gas exchange

Question 30

the walls of the airways in the respiratory system have ____ or ___ to prevent them fro collapsing.

Answer 30

bone or cartilage

Question 31

many of the airways are lined by _______.

Answer 31

ciliated epithelium

Question 32

explain the significance of ciliated epithelium in the airways

Answer 32

small particles that are inhaled stick to the mucus secreted by this epithelium and ciliary action moves the mucus and entrapped particles out of the airwaysw

Question 33

alveolar walls are composed of _______.

Answer 33

simple squamous epithelium

Question 34

what is the significance of alveolar walls being composed of simple squamous epithelium?

Answer 34

the thin membrane makes it easy for gases to diffuse

Question 35

visceral pleura

Answer 35

covers the lung directly

Question 36

parietal pleura

Answer 36

lines the wall of the thoracic cavity

Question 37

what type of fluid fills the pleural cavity?

Answer 37

pleural fluid

Question 38

what does pleural fluid do

Answer 38

acts a lubricant that reduces friction during lung movements | -acts as an adhesive that helps in lung expansion and prevents collapse of the lungs

Question 39

the only portion of the digestive tract found in the thoracic cavity is the ______.

Answer 39

esophagus

Question 40

the esophagus extends from the _____ to the ____ where is passes through the foramen (hiatus) into the abdominal cavity

Answer 40

laryngopharynx to the diaphragm

Question 41

the layers of the esophageal wall are the same as we studied before except which exception

Answer 41

- the muscularis externa - in the first two thirds of the esophagus it is composed of skeletal muscle tissue, but in the last one third, it is composed of smooth muscle tissue.

Question 42

thymus

Answer 42

located over the heart in fetus - eventually replaced by connective tissue - endocrine organ that secretes hormones - organ of the lymphatic system involved in immunity

Question 43

phrenic nerve

Answer 43

innervates the diaphragm

Question 44

vagus nerve

Answer 44

innervates structures of the thorax

Question 45

a series of ganglia called the ___________ run along either side of the vertebral column.

Answer 45

sympathetic chain ganglia

Question 46

function of the heart

Answer 46

moves blood | -located in the mediastinum between ribs 2-5

Question 47

base

Answer 47

posterior surface | -formed mostly by the L atrium

Question 48

apex

Answer 48

pointed end | -located in the left 5th intercostal space (slightly below left nipple)

Question 49

Right atrium

Answer 49

receives blood from the systemic veins

Question 50

superior vena cava

Answer 50

drains the head, neck, thorax, and upper limbs | -feeds the right atrium

Question 51

inferior vena cava

Answer 51

- drains the lower limbs and the abdominal and pelvic regions - feeds the right atrium

Question 52

right ventricle

Answer 52

pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit

Question 53

pulmonary trunk

Answer 53

takes blood to the lungs | -exits right ventricle

Question 54

pulmonary arteries

Answer 54

- paired | - take blood to the lungs

Question 55

pulmonary veins

Answer 55

- paired | - drain blood from the lungs

Question 56

left atrium

Answer 56

receives blood from the pulmonary veins

Question 57

left ventricle

Answer 57

pumps blood through the systemic system

Question 58

ascending aorta

Answer 58

its branches supply the entire body

Question 59

aortic arch

Answer 59

supplies most of the body

Question 60

ligamentum arteriosum

Answer 60

chord extending from the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch | -remnant of the ductus arteriosus

Question 61

fassa ovalis

Answer 61

thin region in the interatrial septum | -remnant of the foramen ovale

Question 62

atrioventricular valves

Answer 62

prevent the backflow of blood into the atria

Question 63

chordae tenineae

Answer 63

anchors cusps to the papillary muscles | -prevent eversion of the cusps

Question 64

papillary muslces

Answer 64

anchor chordae tendineae to the ventricular walls' prevent eversion of the cusps

Question 65

semilunar valves

Answer 65

prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles

Question 66

right coronary artery

Answer 66

- runs to the back of the heart | - supllies the heart

Question 67

posterior interventricular artery

Answer 67

- branches from the right coronary arter - runs to the apex - supplies the posterior ventricular walls

Question 68

left coronary artery

Answer 68

- branches from the left side of the ascending aorta | - supplies the heart

Question 69

anterior interventricular artery

Answer 69

- branch of the left coronary artery - runs to the apex - supplies the interventricular septum and the anterior ventricular walls

Question 70

coronary sinus

Answer 70

formed by the merging of cardiac veins | -drains the heart

Question 71

true or false: papillary muscles cause atrioventricular valves to open

Answer 71

false