tissue
a group of cells working together to perform one or more funtions
histology
study of tissues
hist
tissue
log
study of
four basic tissues
muscle
nervous
connective
epithelial
cells of muscle tissue are ___ and ____
elongated and contractile
three types of muscle tissues
skeletal
smooth
cardiac
skeletal muscle tissue is found
in your skeletal muscles most of which move bones
smooth muscle tissues is found… and whats its function
mainly in the walls of your hollow organs
its function is to move the contents of the organ
cardiac muscle tissue is found ____? its function??
found in your heart
it moves blood
nervous tissue composes what
brain
spinal cord
nerves
ganglia
true or false: there is only one type of nervous tissue
true
nervous tissue is composed of what two cell types
neurons and neuroglia
what are the neurons two processes
dendrites and axons
true or false: there is only one type of nervous tissue
true
dendrites
receptive or input regions of neurons
what do dendrites do?
receive signals from other neurons or they detect changes in body structures (which includes the internal environment) or the external environment
axons are also called what
nerve fibers
axons are the …
conducting regions of neurons
what is the function of axons?
transmit electrical signals known as nerve impulses to muscles glands and other neurons
nerve impulses are one method used by the body to “?”
talk to its different parts
how are neurons classified?
by their structure (number of processes they have) and their function
multipolar neuron
many dendrites and one axon extended from the cell body
bipolar neuron
two processes (one dendrite and one axon) extend from the cell body
unipolar neuron
one axon with central and peripheral processes extend from the cell body
what are the three groups in the functional classification scheme?
sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons
sensory afferent neurons
detect changes in body structures or the external environment
the send info (about the changes) to the interneurons
Affernt = send
interneurons
perform integration , and stimulate motor neurons
integration
data from several sensory neurons are processed and interpreted and a decision is made about what should be done with the change (pertaining to interneurons)
motor efferent neurons
send impulses to effectors
effector
muscle or gland that performs the necessary action
true or false: most sensory neurons are unipolar but few are bipolar
true
true or false: all motor neurons are multipolar
true
neuroglia function
to support neurons
connective tissues function
bind, support, and or provide protection
two examples of connective tissue are…
bone and blood
unlike those of other tissues, the cells of most connective tissue…
are separated by extracellular matrix (ECM)
ECM (extracellular matrix) function
nonliving material found outside of cells and is mostly secreted by cells of the connective tissue
what is ECM composed of
ground substance and fibers
ground substance is made of what?
certain proteins, polysaccharides, and interstitial fluid
the consistency of ground substance can be…
liquid, gel-like, firm, rigid
Collagenous fibers are composed of what
mainly the protein collegen
function of collagenous fibers
add strength to a tissue
elastic fibers composed of what
the protein elastin
elastic fiber function
to make tissue elastic
reticular fibers are
very fine collagenous fibers that branch extensively, forming networks
the fundamental cell type has two forms, what are they
immature and mature
the immature form is more or less active
more active
a mature cell is more or less active
less active
true or false: if the matrix is damaged, the mature form of the cell will revert to the immature form so that the damaged matrix can be replaced.
true
immature form indicated by what suffix
blast
mature form indicated by suffix
cyte
cyte
cell
blast
bud
the 3 loose connective tissues
areolar connective tissue
adipose connective tissue
reticular connective tissue
the three dense connective tissues
dense regular connective tissue
dense irregular connective tissue
elastic connective tissue
three cartilage connective tissue
hyaline cartilage connective tissue
fibrocartilage connective tissue
elastic cartilage connective tissue
connective tissue types
connective tissue proper (loose and dense)
cartlage connective tissue
bone connective tissue
blood connective tissue
if epithelia have no blood vessels how can epithelial cells survive?
oxygen and nutrients diffuse to the cells from blood vessels in an adjacent connective tissue and waste products diffuse from the cells to these same blood vessels. In general epithelial tissue secrete absorb, form barriers, and protect
general function of epithelial tissue
secrete, absorb, form barriers, protect
two classification of epithelia
glandular and covering and lining
glandular epithelia
secrete (produce and release) substances
can be exocrine or endocrine
exocrine glands
release produces onto body surfaces (ex: the skin or lining of digestive tract)
exocrine glands have
secretory units and ducts (small tubed) these tubes allow the secretion to go to the body surface
endocrine glands
release their products into the interstitial fluid and the products move into the blood which transports them to parts of the body
covering and lining epithelium structure
sheet-like structures that form the outer and inner surfaces of body structures
function of lining epithelium
form barriers, absorption, secretion, protection
basal surface
attached to an underlying layer of connective tissue
apical surface
free and not attached to another structure but is exposed to a space (exterior of body)
microvelli
shorter than cilia and increase surface area
cilia
longer than microvilli and their movement propels substances over the apical (top) surface of the epithelium
2 structural features used to name epithelia
shape of cells, and number of layers
pseud
false
simple epithelium
one layer of cells
stratified epithelium
more than one cell layer
pseudostratified epithelium
one cell layer but appears to have more than one
transitional epithelium
more than one cell layer and can be stretched without cell separation
squamous epithelia
flattened cells
explain why cells of the small intestine have microvilli
microvilli increase surface area so more nutrients will be absorbed into the small intestine
true or false: the rate of nutrient diffusion would be greater through a thinner epithelium than a thicker epithelium
true
exocrine glands secrete their products onto the apical or basal surfaces of covering
apical
epithelial membrane
organ composed of covering or lining epithelium and one or two types of connecting tissue
basement membrane
binds the epithelium and has a basal lamina and a reticular lamina
basal lamina
sheet-like layer composed mainly of glycoproteins secreted by the epithelium
reticular lamina
sheet of reticular fibers produced by the connective tissue
three types of epithelial membranes
cutaneous
mucous
serous
cutaneous membrane
commonly called skin
muscous membrane
forms the inner surfaces of structures and are continuous with the cutaneous membrane
ex: lining of digestive and respiratory tract
goblet cells
secretes mucus
connective tissue layer of mucous membrane
areolar connective tissue
serous membranes (serosae)
pleurae pericardium peritoneum composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue secretes serous fluid
a ____ membrane forms the inner surface of the stomach
mucous
a ____ membrane covers a lung
serous
adip
fat
erythr
red
gen
to cause
leuc
white
path
disease
thromb
a clot
a
no
blast
(bud) immature
cyte
cell (mature)
hist
tissue
log
study of
pseud
false
vas
vessel
what is a pathogen
something that causes disease path=disease gen= to cause
adipocyte
mature fat cell
why interneuron is a good name for these cells
interneurons are located between sensory and motor neurons
smooth muscle tissue function
moves contents of whatever it is
nervous tissue in the spinal cord function
communication
motor neuron in the nervous tissue function
generates and transmits electrical impulses to muscles or glands
neurologia function
to support
areolar connective tissue in the serous membrane function
glues the epithelium of the serous membrane to underlying structures
collagenous fibers function
add strength to a tissue
simple cuboidal epithelium in a sweat gland function
secrete sweat
blood connective tissue function within blood vessels
medium by which substances such as glucose and hormones are transported throughout the body
the ground substance of areolar connective tissue is
gel-like
