Chapter 14 Trunk Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Chapter 14 Trunk Deck (67)
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1
Q

functions of the vertebral column

A
  1. supports the head and bears weight of the body while allowing movement of head and trunk
  2. protects the brain
  3. site for muscle attachment
  4. protects the spinal cord
2
Q

individual vertebrae are named using

A

a letter and a number

3
Q

vertebrae are bound into a column by …

A

ligaments and intervertebral discs

4
Q

intervertebral discs

A

cushion like pads found between vertebrae

5
Q

layers of intervertebral discs

A

inner-gelatinous mass
middle- fibrocartilage
superficial layer- collagen fibers

6
Q

the inner gelatinous mass of intervertebral discs makes the disc _____ and ____

A

elastic and compressible

7
Q

function of the collar

A

it limits the expansion of the gelatinous mass when the spine is compressed and withstands twisting forces

8
Q

function of intervertebral discs

A

act as a shock absorber and allow the column to flex and extend to a lesser extent bend laterally

9
Q

the size of the vertebral bodies ______ as you go down

A

increases

10
Q

why does the increase of vertebral bodies happen as you go down?

A

this increase in size occurs because an inferior vertebrae must support more weight than the one superior to it
-this trend ends at the sacrum because the bodys weight is transferred to the pelvis

11
Q

what do the vertebral column curves do?

A

facilitate upright posture

  • add strength to the vertebral column
  • absorb shock
12
Q

early in development how many curves does the spine have? and is it convex or concave

A

1: convex posteriorly

13
Q

what are the primary curves?

A

thoracic and sacral curves

-because their direction does not change with age

14
Q

what are the secondary curves?

A

cervical and lumbar curves

-because they change over time to be concave posteriorly

15
Q

when does the change in the cervical curve occur?

A

-begins late intrauterine life and becomes prevalent when a child holds up his/her head and sits upright

16
Q

when does the lumbar curve change?

A

when a child starts to walk

17
Q

what is the most flexible portion of the vertebral column?

A

cervical region

18
Q

why is the thoracic region not very flexible?

A

because the thoracic vertebrae are parts of the thoracic cage

19
Q

what movements does the lumbar region allow?

A

allows bending movements and some twisting motions

20
Q

what are the least flexible portions of the vertebral column?

A

the sacral and coccygeal regions

21
Q

what does the thoracic cage do?

A

protects the viscera of the thorax and provides muscle attachment sites
-the cage is flexible enough to allow the movements that are necessary for respiration

22
Q

what do the clavicles, scapulas, and coxal bones have in common?

A

the provide muscle attachment sites

23
Q

what binds vertebrae together?

A

ligaments and intervertebral discs

24
Q

where are breasts found and what does it consist of?

A

found in the hypodermis

  • consists of adipose and other connective tissues, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, glandular tissue (mammary gland)
  • lactation
25
Q

mammary gland

A

specialized sweat glands that produce and secrete milk that is used to nourish a newborn

26
Q

there is a muscle called the erector spinae. this name tells you the muscles ______.

A

function

27
Q

motor neurons are located within the

A

ventral horns

28
Q

which segments of the vertebral column have lateral horns as well as dorsal and ventral horns?

A

thoracic and superior lumbar segments (T2-L1)

29
Q

function of the sternum

A
  • protects thoracic viscera

- muscle attachment

30
Q

costal cartilages

A
  • paired
  • made of hyaline cartilage
  • contribute to mobility and elasticity of the walls of the thoracic cage
  • muscle attachment site
31
Q

ribs

A

12 pairs

  • articulate with vertebral column
  • protect thoracic viscera
  • some articulate with sternum via costal cartilage
  • muscle attachment
32
Q

true ribs

A
  • first 7 pairs

- articulate with sternum via costal cartilage

33
Q

false ribs

A
  • last 5 pairs
  • 8, 9, 10 attach indirectly to sternum
  • 11, 12 do not attach to sternum
34
Q

floating ribs

A

11 and 12 ribs

35
Q

the floating ribs are false ribs?

A

yes

36
Q

vertebral column

A

24 nonfused

  • 9 fused
  • divided into 5 types
37
Q

cervical vertebrae

A
  • nonfused

- 7 of them

38
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A
  • nonfused

- 12 of them

39
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A
  • nonfused

- 5 of them

40
Q

sacral vertebrae

A

fuse to form sacrum

5 of them

41
Q

coccygeal vertebrae

A
  • fuse to form coccyx
  • inferior to sacral vertebrae
  • 3-5 in number
42
Q

vertebral canal

A

passageway for the spinal cord and dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves

43
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

passageway for spinal nerves

44
Q

clavicle

A
  • paired

- muscles attachment

45
Q

scapula

A
  • paired

- muscle attachment

46
Q

coxal bone

A

paired

-muscle attachment

47
Q

pelvis

A

composed of sacrum and coccyx

  • protects pelvic viscera
  • bears weight
48
Q

costal facets are only found on

A

thoracic vertebrae

49
Q

superior articular facets of thoracic vertebra face in which direction

A

posteriorly

50
Q

inferior articular facets of thoracic vertebrae face in which direction

A

anteriorly

51
Q

vertebral arch of lumbar vertebrae function

A

SOME protect the spinal cord

52
Q

superior articular facets of lumbar vertebrae usually face in which direction

A

medially

53
Q

inferior articular facets of lumbar vertebrae usually face in which direction

A

laterally

54
Q

transverse foramina are only on what vertebrae?

A

cervical vertebrae

55
Q

what bone marking is found on all thoracic vertebrae but not on other vertebral types?

A

costal facets

56
Q

to distinguish a lumbar vertebra, you look to see if the vertebra does not have ______ or ______.

A

transverse foramina or costal facets

57
Q

tubercles are not found on which ribs?

A

11th and 12th

58
Q

coxal bone

A
  • paired
  • articulates with the other coxal bone anteriorly; articulates with the sacrum posteriorly
  • muscle attachment
59
Q

of articulations T1-9 makes

A

12

60
Q

of articulations T11-12 makes

A

8

61
Q

of articulations T10 makes

A

10

62
Q

of articulations L1-5 makes

A

6

63
Q

of articulations C1 makes

A

5

64
Q

of articulations C2 makes

A

6

65
Q

of articulations C3-7 makes

A

6

66
Q

what separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

A

diaphragm

67
Q

the central tendon is composed of

A

dense connective tissue

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