Chapter 14 Trunk

Question 1

functions of the vertebral column

Answer 1

1. supports the head and bears weight of the body while allowing movement of head and trunk
2. protects the brain
3. site for muscle attachment
4. protects the spinal cord

Question 2

individual vertebrae are named using

Answer 2

a letter and a number

Question 3

vertebrae are bound into a column by …

Answer 3

ligaments and intervertebral discs

Question 4

intervertebral discs

Answer 4

cushion like pads found between vertebrae

Question 5

layers of intervertebral discs

Answer 5

inner-gelatinous mass
middle- fibrocartilage
superficial layer- collagen fibers

Question 6

the inner gelatinous mass of intervertebral discs makes the disc _____ and ____

Answer 6

elastic and compressible

Question 7

function of the collar

Answer 7

it limits the expansion of the gelatinous mass when the spine is compressed and withstands twisting forces

Question 8

function of intervertebral discs

Answer 8

act as a shock absorber and allow the column to flex and extend to a lesser extent bend laterally

Question 9

the size of the vertebral bodies ______ as you go down

Answer 9

increases

Question 10

why does the increase of vertebral bodies happen as you go down?

Answer 10

this increase in size occurs because an inferior vertebrae must support more weight than the one superior to it
-this trend ends at the sacrum because the bodys weight is transferred to the pelvis

Question 11

what do the vertebral column curves do?

Answer 11

facilitate upright posture

• add strength to the vertebral column
• absorb shock

Question 12

early in development how many curves does the spine have? and is it convex or concave

Answer 12

1: convex posteriorly

Question 13

what are the primary curves?

Answer 13

thoracic and sacral curves

-because their direction does not change with age

Question 14

what are the secondary curves?

Answer 14

cervical and lumbar curves

-because they change over time to be concave posteriorly

Question 15

when does the change in the cervical curve occur?

Answer 15

-begins late intrauterine life and becomes prevalent when a child holds up his/her head and sits upright

Question 16

when does the lumbar curve change?

Answer 16

when a child starts to walk

Question 17

what is the most flexible portion of the vertebral column?

Answer 17

cervical region

Question 18

why is the thoracic region not very flexible?

Answer 18

because the thoracic vertebrae are parts of the thoracic cage

Question 19

what movements does the lumbar region allow?

Answer 19

allows bending movements and some twisting motions

Question 20

what are the least flexible portions of the vertebral column?

Answer 20

the sacral and coccygeal regions

Question 21

what does the thoracic cage do?

Answer 21

protects the viscera of the thorax and provides muscle attachment sites
-the cage is flexible enough to allow the movements that are necessary for respiration

Question 22

what do the clavicles, scapulas, and coxal bones have in common?

Answer 22

the provide muscle attachment sites

Question 23

what binds vertebrae together?

Answer 23

ligaments and intervertebral discs

Question 24

where are breasts found and what does it consist of?

Answer 24

found in the hypodermis

• consists of adipose and other connective tissues, blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, glandular tissue (mammary gland)
• lactation

Question 25

mammary gland

Answer 25

specialized sweat glands that produce and secrete milk that is used to nourish a newborn

Question 26

there is a muscle called the erector spinae. this name tells you the muscles ______.

Answer 26

function

Question 27

motor neurons are located within the

Answer 27

ventral horns

Question 28

which segments of the vertebral column have lateral horns as well as dorsal and ventral horns?

Answer 28

thoracic and superior lumbar segments (T2-L1)

Question 29

function of the sternum

Answer 29

- protects thoracic viscera | - muscle attachment

Question 30

costal cartilages

Answer 30

- paired - made of hyaline cartilage - contribute to mobility and elasticity of the walls of the thoracic cage - muscle attachment site

Question 31

ribs

Answer 31

12 pairs - articulate with vertebral column - protect thoracic viscera - some articulate with sternum via costal cartilage - muscle attachment

Question 32

true ribs

Answer 32

- first 7 pairs | - articulate with sternum via costal cartilage

Question 33

false ribs

Answer 33

- last 5 pairs - 8, 9, 10 attach indirectly to sternum - 11, 12 do not attach to sternum

Question 34

floating ribs

Answer 34

11 and 12 ribs

Question 35

the floating ribs are false ribs?

Answer 35

yes

Question 36

vertebral column

Answer 36

24 nonfused - 9 fused - divided into 5 types

Question 37

cervical vertebrae

Answer 37

- nonfused | - 7 of them

Question 38

thoracic vertebrae

Answer 38

- nonfused | - 12 of them

Question 39

lumbar vertebrae

Answer 39

- nonfused | - 5 of them

Question 40

sacral vertebrae

Answer 40

fuse to form sacrum | 5 of them

Question 41

coccygeal vertebrae

Answer 41

- fuse to form coccyx - inferior to sacral vertebrae - 3-5 in number

Question 42

vertebral canal

Answer 42

passageway for the spinal cord and dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves

Question 43

intervertebral foramina

Answer 43

passageway for spinal nerves

Question 44

clavicle

Answer 44

- paired | - muscles attachment

Question 45

scapula

Answer 45

- paired | - muscle attachment

Question 46

coxal bone

Answer 46

paired | -muscle attachment

Question 47

pelvis

Answer 47

composed of sacrum and coccyx - protects pelvic viscera - bears weight

Question 48

costal facets are only found on

Answer 48

thoracic vertebrae

Question 49

superior articular facets of thoracic vertebra face in which direction

Answer 49

posteriorly

Question 50

inferior articular facets of thoracic vertebrae face in which direction

Answer 50

anteriorly

Question 51

vertebral arch of lumbar vertebrae function

Answer 51

SOME protect the spinal cord

Question 52

superior articular facets of lumbar vertebrae usually face in which direction

Answer 52

medially

Question 53

inferior articular facets of lumbar vertebrae usually face in which direction

Answer 53

laterally

Question 54

transverse foramina are only on what vertebrae?

Answer 54

cervical vertebrae

Question 55

what bone marking is found on all thoracic vertebrae but not on other vertebral types?

Answer 55

costal facets

Question 56

to distinguish a lumbar vertebra, you look to see if the vertebra does not have ______ or ______.

Answer 56

transverse foramina or costal facets

Question 57

tubercles are not found on which ribs?

Answer 57

11th and 12th

Question 58

coxal bone

Answer 58

- paired - articulates with the other coxal bone anteriorly; articulates with the sacrum posteriorly - muscle attachment

Question 59

of articulations T1-9 makes

Answer 59

12

Question 60

of articulations T11-12 makes

Answer 60

8

Question 61

of articulations T10 makes

Answer 61

10

Question 62

of articulations L1-5 makes

Answer 62

6

Question 63

of articulations C1 makes

Answer 63

5

Question 64

of articulations C2 makes

Answer 64

6

Question 65

of articulations C3-7 makes

Answer 65

6

Question 66

what separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

Answer 66

diaphragm

Question 67

the central tendon is composed of

Answer 67

dense connective tissue